[243] COMPLEMENTARY DOCUMENT 15

WORKSHOP MEMBERS

WORKSHOP MEETINGS

[244] blank page

Dr. Philip Morrison, Institute Professor and Professor of Physics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, is Chairman of the Science Workshops on Interstellar Communication. Professor Morrison is both a distinguished theoretical physicist and a respected scholar-philosopher whose ecumenical interests embrace the broad sweep of human and scientific history from the origin of the universe to the origins and definitions of intelligent life itself. He was one of the first scientists to predict that knowledge as to whether life exists on other planets may not be beyond our reach.

Dr. Ronald N. Bracewell, Professor of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, has made numerous contributions in the field of radioastronomy and has been interested in the existence of extraterrestrial intelligence for many years. He is the author of the book "The Galactic Club: Intelligent Life in Outer Space."

Dr. Harrison S. Brown, Professor of Geochemistry, California Institute of Technology, has made extensive contributions to science in the study of transuranium elements, meteorites, geochronology, physics and chemistry of the solar system, science and public policy, population problems, environmental problems, and natural resources.

Dr. A. G. W. Cameron is Professor of Astronomy at the Harvard College Observatory, Harvard University, and Associate Director for Planetary Sciences at the Center for Astrophysics. His areas of research interest include nucleosynthesis and associated areas of nuclear physics, stellar evolution, supernova explosions, neutron stars, quasars, physics of the interstellar medium, origin and development of the solar system, and physics of planets and planetary atmospheres. He is co-editor of "Interstellar Communication: Scientific Perspectives," a collection of papers on the search for extraterrestrial intelligence.

Dr. Frank D. Drake is Professor of Astronomy at Cornell University and the Director of the National Astronomy and ionosphere Center, Arecibo, Puerto Rico. His numerous contributions to the field of radio and radar astronomy are well known and widely acclaimed. He conducted the first organized search for extraterrestrial intelligent radio signals called Project OZMA.

Dr. Jesse L. Greenstein, Professor of Astrophysics, California Institute of Technology, has made extensive contributions in the study of the interstellar medium and stellar evolution. He was the Chairman of the Planetary Detection Workshops.

Dr. Fred T. Haddock, Professor of Astronomy, University of Michigan, developed the radioastronomy facility at Michigan and is presently the Director of the University of Michigan Radioastronomy Observatory. Prof. Haddock is active in both ground as well as space based radioastronomical observations.

[246] Dr. George H. Herbig, is Professor of Astronomy, University of California, Santa Cruz. His research specialties include spectra of variable and peculiar stars, optical absorption spectroscopy of interstellar material and the early evolution of stars.

Dr. Arthur Kantrowitz is Senior Vice-President and Director of AVCO Corporation and Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of the AVCO Everett Research Laboratory. He first became well known for his research in physical gas dynamics, and particularly for his pioneering application of the shock tube to high temperature gas problems.

Dr. Kenneth I. Kellerman is Staff Scientist, National Radio Astronomy Observatory, Charlottesville, Virginia. Dr. Kellerman is also the Chairman of the National Advisory Committee, Owens Valley Radio Observatory.

Dr. Joshua Lederberg is Professor of Genetics and Biology, and Chairman of the Department of Genetics at the Stanford University School of Medicine. In 1958, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in medicine for studies on the organization of the genetic material in bacteria. Dr. Lederberg was the Chairman of the Cultural Evolution Workshop.

Dr. John S. Lewis is Associate Professor of Chemistry, Earth and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He has made numerous contributions in the study of the composition, structure and origin of planetary atmospheres and the application of thermodynamics to problems of composition and origin of meteorites.

Dr. Bruce C. Murray is Professor of Planetary Science at the California Institute of Technology and has made extensive contributions in the field of planetary imaging . In April 1976 he became Director of the California Institute of Technology's Jet Propulsion Laboratory.

Dr. Bernard M. Oliver is Vice-President of Research and Development for the Hewlett-Packard Corporation. Dr. Oliver was Co-Director of the 1971 Stanford/Ames Research Center Summer Faculty Fellowship Program for the Design Study of a System for Detecting Extraterrestrial Intelligent Life, Project Cyclops.

Dr. Carl Sagan is Director, Laboratory for Planetary Studies, and Professor of Astronomy and Space Sciences at Cornell University, where he is also Associate Director for the Center for Radio Physics and Space Research. His principal research activities are in the physics and chemistry of planetary atmospheres and surfaces, in space vehicle exploration of the planets, and on the origin of life on Earth.

Dr. Charles H. Townes, University Professor at the University of California since 1967, received the Nobel Prize for his role in the invention of the maser and laser. Internationally known for his research on the interaction of electromagnetic waves and matter, and also as teacher and government advisor, he is affiliated with the Department of Physics on the Berkeley campus, and engaged in research in astrophysics.

H. R. Brockett, National Scientific Laboratories

Eugene Epstein, Aerospace Corporation

Robert Machol, Northwestern University

Marcia Smith, Congressional Research Service

NASA Headquarters

Joseph P. Allen

William E. Brunk

Hugh Fosque

William Gilbreath

John Naugle

Ichtiaque Rasool

Nancy G. Roman

Stanley Sadin

Robert E. Smylie

Karlheinz Thom

Richard S. Young

Ames Research Center

John Billingham

David Black

Vera Buescher

Alan Chambers

Mary Connors

Jeff Cuzzi

Donald De Vincenzi

Richard Johnson

Harold Klein

Hans Mark

Ray Reynolds

Charles Seeger

Joe Sharp

Mark Stull

John Wolfe

Jet Propulsion Laboratory

Donald Davies

Robert Edelson

Richard Goldstein

Samuel Gulkis

Alan Hibbs

Michael Janssen

Gerald Levy

Robert Powell

Donald Rea

Nicholas Renzetti

Anthony Spear

Goddard Space Flight Center

Thomas Clark

Robert Cooper

George Pieper

Johnson Space Center

Yoji Kondo

Marshall Space Flight Center

Ernst Stuhlinger

JANUARY 22
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9:00 a.m.	Welcome		Hans Mark
9:15 a.m.	Scope of Workshop		Philip Morrison
9:30 a.m.	Introduction Background Project Cyclops Present NASA Study Ames activities		John Billingham
10:30 a.m.	Review of Galactic Demography Selectivity Factors New Evidence Affecting the Factors Values of k in N = kL		Frank Drake
11:15 a.m.	Proximity of Extraterrestrial Intelligence Mean separation and number of exchanges Fortuitously close civilizations Multiple star systems Implications as to existing interstellar communication		Bernard Oliver
1:30 p.m.	Major Search Alternatives
	Interstellar Probes		Ronald Bracewell
	Interstellar Travel		Bernard Oliver
	Electromagnetic		Frank Drake
3:15 p.m.	Scientific Value of an Unsuccessful Search Research capabilities of an interstellar sea Implications of negative results		All
[249] 3:45 p.m.	Discussion of values and possible threats of a successful search		All
4:30 p.m.	Conclude
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JANUARY 23
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9:00 a.m.	Critique of search alternatives		All
10:45 a.m.	Critique of NASA Study Star identification studies Antenna alternatives Other areas		All
1:15 p.m.	Further discussion and initial conclusions		Philip Morrison
2:45 p.m.	Logistics of succeeding workshops Desirability of inviting scientists of other persuasions, non-scientists and opponents		Philip Morrison

APRIL 24
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Special Morning Session THE DETECTION OF PLANETS IN NEARBY STELLAR SYSTEMS
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8:45 a.m.	Welcome		Philip Morrison
9:00 a.m.	Alternative methods of detection and some of their problems		Jesse Greenstein Nancy Roman
9:30 a.m.	Multiplicity of Solar Type Stars		Helmut Abt
9:45 a.m.	An assessment of current astrometric knowledgeand techniques in the detection of unseen companions		George Gatewood
10:30 a.m.	PANEL DISCUSSION ON POSSIBLE FUTURE TECHNIQUES FOR THE DETECTION OF PLANETS
	Chairman		Bruce Murray
	New astrometric approaches		Wulff Heintz
	High resolution imaging		Mert Davies
	Apodization of space telescopes		Bernard Oliver
	Speckle interferometry		Roger Lynds
	Optical and IR interferometry		Charles Townes
	Radial velocity measurements		James Gunn
	Planetary radio emission detection		Frank Drake
1:00 p.m.	Technical Summary of Project Cyclops		Bernard Oliver
1:45 p.m.	JPL Critique of Cyclops		Tony Spear
[252] 2:30 p.m.	Discussion of Cyclops Eavesdropping Mode		Carl Sagan
2:35 p.m.	Discussion/Break
2:50 p.m.	Remarks on imaging		Jerry Levy
3:00 p.m.	Future developments at Arecibo		Frank Drake
3:25 p.m.	Plans for the use of the VLA		Ken Kellermann
3:50 p.m.	Interstellar communication by laser		Charles Townes
4:15 p.m.	Discussion
4:45 p.m.	Conclude
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APRIL 25
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9:00 a.m.	A systems analytic framework for interstellar communication		Robert Machol
9:30 a.m.	Figure-of-merit approaches for the assessment of different systems		Bruce Murray
10:00 a.m.	Discussion of alternate search techniques		Philip Morrison
11:00 a.m.	Radio frequency interference in the microwave region		Charles Seeger
11:30 a.m.	Actions which might be taken to protect important regions of the spectrum		Philip Morrison
1:00 p.m.	Executive Session (Workshop members and NASA people only) Approval of minutes of first workshop		Philip Morrison
1:15 p.m.	Action items from first workshop		John Billingham
1:30 p.m.	Agenda, date and location for third workshop and outline of topics to be covered in succeeding workshops		Philip Morrison
3:00 p.m.	Conclude

SEPTEMBER 15
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8:45 a.m.	Welcoming Remarks		Hans Mark
9:00 a m.	Special Session-Chairman: FRANK DRAKE
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CAPABILITIES OF AN INTERSTELLAR SEARCH SYSTEM FOR RADIO ASTRONOMY
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The Interstellar Medium		Carl Heiles (UC-Berkeley)
Galactic Structure		Morton S. Roberts (NRAO)*
Solar System Studies		Richard Goldstein (JPL)
Pulsars		Joseph H. Taylor (U. of Mass.)
Stars, X-Ray Sources and Proper Motions		Robert M. Hjellming (NRAO)
Extragalactic Sources		Kenneth I. Kellermann (NRAO)
Polarization Studies		Andrei C. Pacholczyk (U. of Ariz.)
Supernovae Remnants		George A. Seielstad (Cal Tech)
Cosmology		Vahe Petrosian (Stanford)
VLBI		Thomas A. Clark (Goddard)
Advantages and Disadvantages of Possible Configurations		Ronald N. Bracewell (Stanford)
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1:00 p.m.	Special Session on Radioastronomy Applications continues
3:15 p.m.	Choice of Search Frequencies		Bernard Oliver
3:30 p.m.	Report on Preliminary Engineering Studies		Stanford Research Institute
4:15 p.m.	Discussion on Soviet Plan for CETI

* Unable to attend in person; his comments were relayed to the attendees by Frank Drake.

[256] SEPTEMBER 16
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8:30 a.m.	Special Session-Chairman: A. G. W. CAMERON
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STELLAR SYSTEM FORMATION
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Infrared and Other Recent Observatory		Steven E. Strom (Kits Peak)
Radio Observations		Fred Lo (Cal Tech)
Stellar System Formation Theory		A. G. W. Cameron (Harvard)
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11:15 a.m.	Radio Frequency Interference Report	Mark Stull
11:45 a.m.	Results of Second Science Workshop Resolution on National Academy Meeting on Detection of Planetary Systems	John Billingham
11:50 a.m.	Star Catalog Study Report	Charles Seeger
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EXECUTIVE SESSION (Workshop Members and NASA personnel only)
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1:00 p.m.	Briefing on Progress with Multichannel Spectral Analysis Program	Robert Machol
1:30 p.m.	Letter to Radio Observatories	Philip Morrison
1:40 p.m.	Discussion of topics and calendar for fourth, fifth and sixth workshops	Philip Morrison
3:00 p.m.	CONCLUDE

[258] Ames Research Center

John Billingham

David Black

Gene Bloch

Dick Brown

Al Chambers

Sherwood Chang

Jeff Cuzzi

David Dennis

Don De Vincenzi

Palmer Dyal

Bob Gibson

Richard Johnson

Robert MacElroy

Hans Mark

Alfred Mascy

Ray Reynolds

Jeff Scargle

Charles Seeger

Joseph Sharp

Mark Stull

Jill Tarter

Frederick Witterborn

John Wolfe

University of California-Berkeley

David Cudaback

Nan Dieter

J. Freiman

Michael Lampton

Delta College Stockton

Richard Mielbrecht

San Francisco State

Franklyn Creese

Charles Hagar

Victoria Lindsay

James Peters

Charles Shapiro

Dan Werthimer

University of Santa Clara

George Alexander

Curtis Parkin

NASA Headquarters

Due to budgetary activities no NASA Headquarters people were able to attend the meeting in person. However, Nancy Roman, Stan Sadin, Raymond Chase and others attended parts of the meeting through a telephone-conference -link between Ames and Washington.

University of California-Santa Cruz

Bruce Balick

Stanford University

Daniel Bershader

John Breakwell

Thomas Croft

Alvin Despain

Von Eshleman

Allen Peterson

David Sonnabend

Calvin Teague

DECEMBER 3
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9:00 a.m.	Introduction		Philip Morrison
9:10 a.m.	Discussion of Soviet CETI Program		Philip Morrison
9:25 a.m.	National and International Implications of Radio Frequency Interference Problems		Eugene Epstein Mark Stull
10:30 a.m.	Summary of Findings of Stanford Research Institute Parametric Study of Engineering Design Approaches		Roy Basler
11:30 a.m.	Action Taken on Planetary System Detection Programs		David Black
11:45 a.m.	Ames-JPL Plans for Multichannel Spectral Analysis Programs		John Billingham Charles Seeger
1:00 p.m.	Report on Findings of Workshop on Cultural Evolution		Philip Morrison
1:30 p.m.	Observation of Nearby Galaxies for Type II Civilizations Operations at Arecibo		Frank Drake
1:45 p.m.	A Search for Short Time Scale Radio Emission from Nearby Galaxies		John Dickey (Arecibo Obs.)
2:00 p.m.	A JPL Program for SETI		Bob Edelson
2:30 p.m.	Review of First Three Workshops Approval of Minutes of Third Workshop		Philip Morrison
2:45 p.m.	Report Outline		Philip Morrison
3:00 p.m.	Working Sessions
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[260] DECEMBER 4
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9:00 a.m.	Working Sessions
1:00 p.m.	Working Sessions
3:00 p.m.	Review of Progress Plans for Remaining Workshops Schedule for Report Preparation		Philip Morrison
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DECEMBER 5
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9:00 a.m.	Visit to Arecibo Observatory		Frank Drake

MONDAY, MARCH 22
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9:00 a.m.	Opening remarks	Philip Morrison
9:10 a.m.	Progress report on Project Viking	Harold Klein
9:20 a.m.	Extrasolar Planetary Detection activities	Jesse Greenstein David Black
9:30 a.m.	Summary of possible uses of an Interstellar Search System for Radio Astronomy	Jeff Cuzzi
9:40 a.m.	Interim SETI Efforts	Robert Machol
9:50 a.m.	Multi Channel Spectral Analysis	Alvin Despain
10:00 a.m.	Report on NASA activities and SRI findings	John Billingham
10:15 a.m.	Working Session: Plans for remainder of meeting New items for inclusion in the report(for example: archival recording of prior, extant, and future searches)	Philip Morrison
10:30 a.m.	Break. Split up into Working Groups
1:00 p.m.	Working Sessions
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TUESDAY, MARCH 23
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9:00 a.m.	Working sessions
2:00 p.m.	Reconvene in Life Sciences Conference Room Report on Radio Frequency Interference	Mark Stull
[263] 2:15 p.m.	Discussion on status of preparation of chapters for Final Report	Philip Morrison
5:00 p.m.	Conclude

FIRST DAY, JUNE 2
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9:00 a.m.	Introductory Remarks	Philip Morrison
9:15 a.m.	Report on Planetary Detection Workshops	Jesse Greenstein David Black
9:40 a.m.	NASA Activities	John Billingham
9:55 a.m.	RFI Considerations	Mark Stull H. R. Brockett
10:10 a.m.	Plans for Discussions of First Draft of Final Report	Philip Morrison
10:30 a.m.	COFFEE-Break into Groups for Review of Report
1:00 p.m.	Continue Reviews and Revisions of Report
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SECOND DAY, JUNE 3
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9:00 a.m.	Review of Progress on Critique of Report	Philip Morrison
9:30 a.m.	Working Sessions on Report
12:30 p.m.	Summary of Major Findings of Science Workshops	Philip Morrison
1:00 p.m.	NASA Plans for SETI	John Naugle Robert E. Smylie Ichtiaque Rasool Joseph Allen
1:30 p.m.	Discussion
[266] 2:00 p.m.	Complete Report Review
3:00 p.m.	Decide on schedule for completion of report, on possible requirements for final workshop, or for concluding meeting with NASA Administrator. Discuss/approve Minutes of 5th Science Workshop.
3:30 p.m.	CONCLUDE

WEDNESDAY, MARCH 24
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9:30 a.m.	Welcome	G. Herbig
9:35 a.m.	Comments Concerning the Workshop	D. Black
9:40 a.m.	Opening Remarks by Chairman	J. Greenstein
10:05 a.m.	Feasibility of Detecting Extrasolar Planets Using Radial Velocity Observations	R. Griffin
11:15 a.m.	More on Radial Velocity Observations and Their Limitations	K. Serkowski
1:00 p.m.	A Brief Review of Hill's Observations of Solar Variation	N. Woolf
1:15 p.m.	Instabilities of Solar Velocities on all Time Scales	B. Howard
1:45 p.m.	Feasibility of Detecting Extrasolar Planets Using Apodized Telescopes	B. Oliver
2:15 p.m.	Limits of Astrometric Observations in the Detection of Extrasolar Planets	G. Gatewood
2:45 p.m.	Detection of Extrasolar Planets Using Photoelectric Astrometric Observations	F. Drake
3:15 p.m.	Detection of Extrasolar Planets Using Optical Amplitude Interferometry	D. Currie
3:35 p.m.	Feasibility of Detecting Extrasolar Planets Using VLBI Observations	T. Clark
[270] 3:55 p.m.	Feasibility of Detecting Extrasolar Planets Using IR Interferometry	C. Townes
4:15 p.m.	Detection of Extrasolar Planets Using IR Techniques	N. Woolf
4:45 p.m.	Outline of Thursday's Activity	D. Black
4:55 p.m.	Conclude First Day's Session
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THURSDAY, MARCH 25
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9:00 a.m.	Open Session (15 min. "impromptu" remarks)
10:45 a.m.	Discussion Groups a. Radial Velocity Techniques b. Astrometric Techniques c. IR and Radio Techniques	Leader R. Griffin G. Gatewood T. Clark
1:00 p.m.	Continue Discussion Groups
2:00 p.m.	Presentation of Discussion Group Findings to Workshop Radial Velocity (20 min.) Astrometric (20 min.) IR and Radio (20 min.)	R. Griffin G. Gatewood T. Clark
3:00 p.m.	Work to be Done Prior to Next Meeting and Closing Remarks	J. Greenstein
3:30 p.m.	Conclude Workshop

Planetary Detection Workshop Members

Other Participants:

Interstellar Communication Science Workshop Members

Ronald Bracewell	Stanford University
Philip Morrison	Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Lick Observatory

Peter Bodenheimer

Douglas Ducan

Burton Jaer

Arnold Klemole

Robert Kraft

Donald Osterbrock

Lloyd Robinson

Merle Walker

A. E. Whiteford

O. C. Wilson (Hale Obs.)

NASA Headquarters

William Gilbreath

Ames Research Center

John Billingham

Charles L. Seeger

Mark Stull

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THURSDAY, MAY 20
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9:30 a.m.	Organizational Remarks	D. Black
9:40 a.m.	Where We Stand and What Needs to be Done	J. Greenstein
10:00 a.m.	Review of Naval Observatory Astrometric Conference	K. Strand
10:45 a.m.	A Status Report	K. Serkowski
11:00 a.m.	Additional Thoughts on IR Interferometry	M. Stull
11:15 a.m.	Comments Concerning the Multiplicity of G and K Stars	D. Branch
11:30 a.m.	New Observations I	N. Woolf
11:35 a.m.	New Observations II	J. Greenstein
11:40 a.m.	Establishment of Working Groups	J. Greenstein
1:00 p.m.	Role of Data Processing in Apodization	B. Oliver
1:20 p.m.	Break into Working Groups
5:00 p.m.	Conclude First Day's Session
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FRIDAY, MAY 21
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9:00 a.m.	Continue Working Groups
10:45 a.m.	Discussion of Report Outline and Content; Draft of Interim Report for SETI Workshop	All
[273] 1:00 p.m.	Continue Discussion of Workshop Report and Input to the SETI Report	All
2:00 p.m.	Review of Working Group Material	All
2:40 p.m.	Concluding Remarks	J. Greenstein
3:00 p.m.	Conclude Workshop

Planetary Detection Workshop Members

Jesse Greenstein, Chairman	Hale Observatories, California Institute of Technology
David Black, Executive Secretary	Ames Research Center
David R. Branch	University of Oklahoma
Thomas Clark	University of Maryland and Goddard
Douglas Currie	University of Maryland
George Gatewood	Allegheny Observatory, Pittsburgh
Roger Griffin Cambridge	University and California Institute of Technology
Bernard Oliver	Hewlett Packard
Kristopher Serkowski	University of Arizona
K. Aa. Strand	U.S. Naval Observatory
Steven E. Strom	Kitt Peak National Observatory, Tucson
Neville Woolf	Steward Observatory, U-Arizona

Other Participants

Ronald Bracewell	Stanford University
Donald Davies	Jet Propulsion Laboratory
Philip A. Ianna	University of Virginia
Yoji Kondo	Johnson Space Center

Ames Research Center

John Billingham

K. L. Roland Chan

Dale Compton

Palmer Dyal

Mark Stull

Jill Tarter

 

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MONDAY, NOVEMBER 24
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9:00 a.m.	Introductory Remarks	Philip Morrison
9:15 a.m.	DISCUSSION:	Joshua Lederberg
	Given an intelligent, manipulative, communicative and social species, what, if any, special conditions are required for it to seek to develop technological capabilities such that it can manipulate or control its environment?
1:00 p.m.	DISCUSSION:
	What is the probability that a species will develop both manipulative ability and intelligence?
3:00 p.m.	DISCUSSION:
	What is the probability that a species will develop communicative ability?
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TUESDAY, NOVEMBER 25
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9:00 a.m.	DISCUSSION:
	What is the probability that an intelligent, manipulative species will develop social institutions?
11:00 a.m	DISCUSSION:
	If the questions posed cannot be answered given our present state of knowledge, what sort of research effort is required?
1:00 p.m.	CONCLUDING DISCUSSION AND SUMMARY	Joshua Lederberg
3:00 p.m.	Adjourn.

CULTURAL EVOLUTION WORKSHOP MEMBERS

Joshua Lederberg, Chairman	Stanford University
Altert Ammerman-Genetics	Stanford University
Bernard Campbell-Anthropology	UCLA and Cambridge
John Eisenberg-Ethologist	National Zoological Park
Jack Harlan-Origin of Agriculture	UC-Davis and Univ. of Illinois
Daniel J. Kevles-History of Science and Technology	Cal Tech
Hans Lukas Teuber-Neurosciences	MIT
Terry Winograd-Languages	Artificial Intel. Lab., Stanford

INTERSTELLAR COMMUNICATION SCIENCE WORKSHOP MEMBERS

Ronald Bracewell	Stanford University
George Herbig	Univ. of Cal.-Santa Cruz
Philip Morrison	MIT
Bernard Oliver	Hewlett Packard
Carl Sagan	Cornell University

CENTER FOR ADVANCED STUDY IN THE BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

J. Desmond Clark

Gardner Lindzey

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE LAB. STANFORD UNIVERSITY

John McCarthy

NASA-AMES RESEARCH CENTER

John Billingham

Mary Connors

Donald DeVincenzi

Charles Seeger

Joseph Sharp

Joan Sieber

Mark Stull

Trieve Tanner

John Wolfe

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