[281] This appendix consists of three charts Chart 1 surveys the committees whose recommendations have influenced NASA's long-range planning in biomedical research and development Chart 2 outlines the experiment protocols for extended manned flights as embodied in the integrated Medical and Behavioral Laboratory Measurement System.

Chart 1. Long-Range Planning for Biomedical investigations in Space: Technical Review Committees and Their Recommendations

Year	Committee	Sponsor	Members	Recommendations
.
1958	Working Group on Human Factors and Training of the Special Committee on Space Technology	NACA/NASA	W. Randolph Lovelace, II, MD,* Lovelace Foundation for Medical Research A. Scott Crossfield, North American Aviation Hubert M. Drake, NASA High-Speed Flight Station Gen Donald D. Flickinger, M.D., USAF Col. Edward B. Ciller, USAF James B. Hardy, Ph.D, Naval Air Development Center Wright H. Langham, Los [282] Alamos Scientific Laboratory Ulrich C Luit. MD, PhD, Lovelace Foundation Boyd C Myers, NASA, Secretary	1. Determine"fine" and 'gross" degradations resulting from acceleration forces in terms of performance, reversible tissue damage, and shortand long-term irreversible tissue damage 2. Determine physiological effects of and countermeasures against high-intensity radiation, cosmic radiation, and solar flares. 3. Determine physio logical effects of "artificial" factors such as leakage from nuclear pro pulsive systems and ionization resulting from f light. 4 . Study requirements for human information pro cessing, displays and controls, and "closed cycle living." 5. Conduct research and development for en vironmental control systems to support men for flights up to six months in duration. 6 Refine procedures for selecting space crews and develop flight systems and simulators for continuing evaluation of selection and training criteria
.
1958-1960	Special Committee on Life Sciences	NASA Administrator	Lovelace* Capt Norman Barr, M. D., Naval Bureau of Medicine Lt Cmbr lohn Ebersole, M. D., Naval Fleet Medical Officer Gen. Donald Flickinger, M. D., USAF Director of Bioastronautics Lt. Col Robert Holmes, M. D., Army Medical Research and Development Command Wright Langham, Ph. D., Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory Robert Livingston, M. D., NIMH Orr Reynolds, Ph.D., DoD Office of Research and Engineering Boyd C Myers, NASA, Secretary	No specific report or recommendations Served as advisory body for selection and training of Mercury astronauts. development, testing, and evaluation of Mercury life-support systems, and formation of Mercury inflight medical monitoring
.
[283] 1960	Biosciences Advisory Committee	NASA Administrator	Seymour Kety, M.D.,* NIH David Coddard, Ph.D., Dept of Botany, Univ. of Pennsylvania Donal C. Marquis, Ph.D, MIT Wallace Fenn, Ph. D., School of Medicine and Surgery, Univ of Rochester Robert S Morrison, M.D., Rockefeller Foundation Cornelius Tobias, Ph. D., Univ. of California	Development of broad research program to encompass"basic biology" (search for extraterrestrial life and data related to biogenesis); applied medicine and biology" (physiological effects on man in flight of weightlessness, acceleration forces, radiation, closed environments, changes in circadian rhythm, and toxicity and contamination), and basic medical and behavioral sciences" (respiratory physiology, circulatory physiology, metabolism, neurophysiology, and behavior)
.
1962	Working Croup on Biology, Space Science Board Summer Study to Review Space Research	NASA and NAS Space Science Board	Allan H. Brown, Ph D.. Dept of Botany, Univ. of Pennsylvania* Colin Pittendrigh, Dept. of Biology, Princeton Univ. Nine academic biologists Three government agency biologists One research foundation biologist One academic biophysicist One academic M.D. One government agency physician	Develop techniques for identifying evidence of extraterrestrial life, steriliaing spacecraft, and preventing backcontamination Conduct research and development on bioregenerative lifesupport systems for manned spaceflights. Conduct inflight and groundbased research to study effects of gravity and nullgravity, alterations in biological rhythms, and radiation on biological systems
	.
	[284] Working Group on NASA and NAS Space Science Board Space Probe Sterilization of Ibid	.	Allan H. Brown* Six academic biologists Three research group bioscientists One government agency biologist One military biologist	Conduct research and development to identify best technique or combination of techniques (heat, radiation, chemicals) to sterilize space probes and prevent biological contamination of moon and planets and back-contamination of Earth
	.
	Working Group on Man as Scientist in Space Exploration, Ibid	NAS Space Science Board	Norton Nelson,M.D., New York University Five academic biologists Two academic biophysicists Two academic bioengineers Two academic geologists Two academic astronomers One academic psychologist One government agency biologist Two government agency physicians One government agency geologist Three government agency (NASA) bioengineers One research foundation biologist One research foundation biophysicist Two industry enginneers One industry [285] physician One military psychologist	1. Train astronauts to conduct scientific investigations (particularly in biology, geology, and astronomy) 2. Plan to establish permanent science laboratory on Moon 3. Plan manned orbital research laboratory with primary emphasis on biomedical experiments 4. Conduct research and development to support manned flight to Mars with primary objective to conduct biological investigations. 5. Develop programs for training space scientists and for selecting scientistastronauts
.
1963	Life Sciences Consultant Report 7	NASA Administrator	Nello Pace, Ph.D., Univ. of California	Conduct research and development to support a program in inflight biological investigations using automated systems, small biological packages, and primates
	.
	Biomedical Experiments Working Group	NASA Office of Manned Space Flight	Unidentified	Detailed in Chap.4
.
1964	Space Medicine Advisory Group	NASA Office of Manned Space Flight	Sherman P. Vinograd, M.D., NASA* Andres I. Karsten, M D., USAF Aerospace Medical Division, cochairmen Six academic physicians Two government agency physicians Two military physicians Four academic biologists One government agency biologist One academic pharmacologist One academic biochemist Three academic psychologists	Detailed in Chap.4
1965	Working Group on Fundamental Biology for Summer Study, Space Research- Directions for Future	NASA and NAS Space Science Board	Allan H. Brown, Ph.D., Dept of Botany, Univ. of Pennsylvania [286] Six academic biologists	Emphasize research in environmental biology (biological effects of radiation, alterations in biorhythms, variations in gravity) and in human tolerance to variables of space environment Develop exobiology pro gram with emphasis on search for life on Mars. Conduct research and development to improve Biosatellite, refine techniques for spacecraft sterilization, and develop an automated biological laboratory for use in Planetary expIoration
	Working Croup on Medicine and Physiology	NASA and NAS Space Science Board	Loren D. Carlson, Ph.D., Dept of Physiology, Univ. of Kentucky Three academic physicians One industry physician One research foundation physician Two academic biologists	Emphasis on development of an orbital research laboratory for medical, physiological, and behavioral investigations in extended-duration flight Enhanced program of ground-based research in fundamental medicine, physiology, and behavior
.
1966	American institute of Biological Sciences (AIBS)	NASA Office of Space Sciences	Robert Lindberg, Ph.D., Northrop Corp Laboratories Elie A. Schneour, Ph.D., Dept. of Molecular and Genetic Biology, Univ. of Utah Ralph Baker, Ph.D., Dept of Botany, Colorado State Univ. Theodore Sudia, Ph.D., AIBS Gilbert Levin, [287] Ph.D., Biospherics Research, Inc. George K Davis, Ph.D., Dept. of 8iological Sciences, Univ. of Florida	Support research and development for a manned orbiting research laboratory having primary objective of conducting research into effects of space environment on Earth organisms, the value of bioregenerative life support systems, the search for extraterrestrial life, and the assessment of techniques and technologies for remote sensing life detection.
	.
	Study Group on Biology and the Exploration of Mars	NASA and NAS Space Science Board	Colin Pittendrigh, Ph. D., Dept of Biology, Univ. of Pittsburgh Joshua Lederberg, Ph.D. Thirty-six biological scientists drawn primarily from academia	"Biological exploration" of Mars should be a major program objective of the 1970s, with primary emphasis on automated systems and remote observation and investigation
.
1970	Study to Review NASA Life Science Programs	NASA and NAS Space Science Board	H. Bentley G lass, Ph.D., Dept of Biology, State Univ. of New York* One academic physician One government agency physician Three research hospital physicians Three academic biologists	1. Make unmanned investigations of exobiology and planetary biology prime objectives of 1970s. 2. Development programs for biological experimentation in Skylab and Shuttle programs 3 Establish strong program of research in clinical medicine, man-oriented biomedicine and animal bioscience to establish baselines and predictive values for extendedduration manned flights 4 Establish a special research group to study requirements in biotechnology and bioinstrumentation for extended-duration manned fIights.
	.
	Working Group on [288] Infectious Disease in Manned Spaceflight	NASA and NAS Space Science Board	John Spizizen, M D., Scripps Clinic and Research Foundation Three academic physicians One military physician One academic biologist	1. Development of a pro gram of preflight quarantine and isolation as "highest priority." 2. Use of immunological and microbiological screening and surveillance tech niques in selection of flight crews 3. Research program to identify critical microorganisms and to evaluate viability, replicability, and mutability in space environment 4. Active research and development program to identify effective countermeasures.
.
1978	Life Sciences Advisory Committee	NASA Advisory Council	G Donald Whedon, M.D., NIH* Two academic physicians Two research foundation physicians One government agency physician One military physician One academic biochemist Two academic geologists One academic biologist Three academic engineers One government agency agronomist	Detailed in Chap.12

* Denotes committee chairman.

I. NEUROLOGICAL

• Clinical evaluation (to include reflexes and sensory and motor pathways).
• Agravic perception of personal and extrapersonal space (minimum restraint device).
• Ocular counterrolling.
• Oculogyral illusion.
• Visual task with head rotation.
• Electronystagmogram - To be done with litterchair.
• Angular acceleration threshold.
• EEG.

II. CARDIOVASCULAR

• Clinical evaluation.
• ECG (Frank lead system).
• Phonocardiogram.
• Cardiac output-(by impedance if technique verified; by indicator-dilution if necessary).
• Arterial blood pressure.
• Venous pressure-peripheral.
• Blood volume and fluid compartments-see hematology and metabolism.
• Regional blood flow-limb (or digit) (distribution of blood volume) (limb plethysmography).
• Venous compliance.
• Anteriolar reactivity.
• Arterial pulse contour.
• Inflight exercise.
• LBNP.
• Elastic leotards.

PROVIDE FOR INSTALLATION IF REQUIRED:

• Ballistocardiogram
• Carotid body stimulation
• Thoracic blood flow
• Venous pressure-central (by catheter if necessary)

[290] III. RESPIRATORY

• Clinical evaluation
• Respiratory rate
• Lung volumes including residua volume (for total lung capacity, and mixing efficiency)
• Pressure, flow, and volume (simultaneously) (airway resistance)
• Compliance-lung or total (lung if can)
• Distribution of blood flow and gas in lungs

  Includes: Capillary blood O₂, CO₂ and pH

  Breath-by-breath O₂ consumption and CO₂ production

  O₂ consumption-with measured exercise

  Alveolar-to-arterial gradient breathing air and 100 percent oxygen

• Diffusion capacity (if suitable technique) (look into O₂¹⁸ method-Dr Richard W. Hyde, Univ. of Pennsylvania, Dept. of Physiology)

IV. METABOLISM AND NUTRITION

• Clinical evaluation.
• Energy metabolism (continuous O₂ and CO₂ analysis with breath-by-breath sensitivity) with various levels of activity
• Oral temperature
• Skin temperature
• Caloric intake
• Body mass in flight (Thornton technique-GFE) ^t
• [Lean body mass pre- and post flight]-(Not a part of IMBLMS)
• Muscle size and strength
• Balance studies

  -Fluid, including sweat

  -Nitrogen (see area IX)

  -Mineral (see area IX)

  -Electrolyte (see area IX)

  Provide for:

  Accurate urine volume measurement

  Accurate wet weight of feces

  Return of total dry stool

  Accurate fluid intake measurement

  Return of a)l food packages marked by date, time, and individual

  Sweat measurement and sample return

  Total body water (Breatholater or deuterium)

^tClinical laboratory evaluations-see list under area IX

PROVIDE FOR INSTALLATION IF REQUIRED:

• EMG
• Bone densitometry-isotope technique

[291] IV. METABOLISM AND NUTRITION (continued)

• Gastric pressure and pH (endoradiosonde)
• Plasma volume onboard
• Mineral metabolism by isotopic techniques

V. ENDOCRINOLOGY

• Clinical evaluation
• t Clinical laboratory evaluations- see list

VI. HEMATOLOGY

• Clinical evaluation
• Rumple leede
• Blood volume and fluid compartment

  Plasma volume-RHISA

  RBC mass-DFP³² or Cr⁵¹

  Total body water

• RBC survival-DFP³²
• Clinical laboratory evaluations-see list

Vll. MICROBIOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY

• Clinical evaluation
• Body microflora (bacterial, viral, and fungal)
• Environmental culturing (bacterial, viral, and fungal)
• Clinical laboratory evaluations-see list

VIII. BEHAVIORAL EFFECTS

• Clinical evaluation
• Sensory test battery (see also neurology)
• Perceptual evaluation (if validity of tests established)
• Higher thought processes
• Memory-short- and long-term
• Vigilance (by measurement of operational tasks)
• Learned activity (tracking and reaction time)
• Recording of crew intercommunication with automatic erase in 15 minutes if not sampled
• Time and motion study

IX. CLINICAL LABORATORY EVALUATIONS

• Creatine and creatinine-urinary
• Urinary and fecal: N, Ca, P, Na, K, Cl, and Mg
• Mucoproteins-urinary (Pi)*
• Pyrophosphates-urinary (Pi)*
• Hydroxyprolines-urinary (probably Pi)
• Total amino acids-urinary (Pi)
• Uninary: Osmolality, color, specific gravity, pH, glucose, protein, bile, blood, and microscopic (i.e., routine urinalysis-in flight)
• Plasma volume (probably P&P)**
• Electrolytes-serum

[292] IX. CLINICAL LABORATORY EVALUATIONS(continued)

• Total protein-plasma
• Glucose-blood (in flight)
• Ca and PO,-serum (probably Pi)
• Bilirubin-serum
• Cholesterol-serum (probably Pi)
• BUN (probably Pi)
• Uric acid-blood (Pi)
• Alkaline phosphatase-serum (probably Pi)
• pH, pO₂, and pCO₂-blood
• Bicarbonate-blood
• CPK (creatine phosphokinase-serum) (Pi)
• LDH and LDH isoenzymes-serum (onboard if have electrophoresis)
• SGOT-serum
• SGPT-serum
• Aldosterone-urine (Pi)
• ADH-urinary and serum (Pi)
• ACTH-blood (Pi)
• Serum free thyroxin (T₄-serum) (if in flight, will require thin-layer chromatography)
• TBPA (probably Pi)
• 17-Hydroxycorticosteroids-urine and blood (Pi)
• 17-Ketosteroids-urine (Pi)
• VMA-urine (probably Pi)
• Metanephrines-urine (Pi)
• Catechols-urine (Pi)
• Histamine-blood and urine (Pi)
• 5-Hydroxyindolacetic acid-urinary (probably Pi)
• Blood cell morphology(RBC, WBC, and differential-smear will suffice for platelets)
• Reticulocyte count
• Hematocrit
• Hemoglobin
• RBC fragility (osmotic)
• RBC mass and survival
• Bleeding time
• Clotting time
• Prothrombin consumption
• Clot retraction
• Lymphocyte karotyping (probably Pi)
• WBC mobilization (Rebuck technique)

[293] IX. CLINICAL LABORATORY EVALUATIONS (continued)

Immunoglobulins and fibrinogen Transferrins Hemoglobin Methemoglobin

On board if have electrophoresis

• RBC enzyme studies (Pi) (ref Governing Protocol M110)
• Complement titration
• Antibody titration

PROVIDE FOR INCLUSIONS IF REQUIRED:

• Sulfate-urinary
• TSH (Pi)
• Growth hormone (Pi)
• Thyroid-bound globulin (T₃ (Pi)
• Parathyroid hormone (radioimmune technique-serum) (Pi)
• Parathyroid hormone-urinary (Nelson technique) (Pi)
• Calcitonin-serum (Ri)
• Insulin assay (Pi)
• Glucagon assay (Pi)
• Serotonin (S-HIAA)-blood (Pi)
• Platelet adhesiveness
• Fibrinolytic activity
• Blood rheology
• Blood lipids

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+ Government-furnished equipment.

*Pi-postflight evaluation of inflight samples.

**p&p-pre- and postflight

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