SP-4213 THE HUMAN FACTOR: Biomedicine in the Manned Space Program to 1980

 

[381-387] Index

 

 

Abelson, Philip, 30
acceleration forces. See physiological effects of spaceflight
Adams, Mac, 126, 132, 272
Adey, Ross, 147, 149
Advanced Integrated Life Support System. See spaceflight simulation
Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA). See Defense, Dept of
Aerobee series See animal research, and military
Aeronautics and Astronautics Coordinating Board, 86, 87
Aerospace Medical Association, 95
Aerospace Medical Institute. See Navy, U. S.
aerospace medicine. See biomedicine, and the military
Agriculture, Dept of, 110
Air Force, U. S. See also Man in Space Soonest program (MISS); Manned Orbiting Laboratory; National Aeronautics and Space Administration, and military research; space program, U.S., and the military.
Aerospace Medical Div, 101
Air Force School of Aviation Medicine, 4, 6
Air Force Systems Command, 47, 86
Ames Research Center, 41, 44-45, 69, 75, 76, 77, 84, 85, 86, 97, 98-99, 101, 121,123, 139-40, 145, 189, 190, 266, 268, 270, 272, 275, 280
Biosatellite Project Office, 123
Life Sciences Directorate, 128
animal research. See Biosatellite; biology
Apollo Applications Program, 70, 103, 115, 125, 137, 148, 155, 171. See also biomedicine; Skylab
Apollo Extension System. See Apollo Applications Program.
Apollo fire (Apollo 204), 114, 122, 135, 137-38, 140, 146, 154
Apollo missions:
Apollo 7, 110n, 157, 158
Apollo 8, 110n, 158
Apollo 9, 110n, 157, 158
Apollo 10, 110n, 158, 159
Apollo 11, 110n, 146, 148, 153, 158, 159
Apollo 12, 110n, 158, 159
Apollo 13, 110n, 157, 158, 159
Apollo 14, 157, 158, 159, 162
Apollo 15, 158, 159, 162
Apollo 16, 158, 159, 161, 162
Apollo 17, 158, 159, 161, 162
Apollo program, 48, 58, 82, 98, 100. See also biomedicine
Apollo-Soyuz fIight, 191
Armed Forces-National Research Council Bioastronautics Committee, 35, 41
Army, U S., 4, 11
Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, 8
Army Ballistic Missile Agency (ABMA), 8, 12
Fort Detrick biological laboratory, 113
astronauts. See also medicine, clinical; names of individual astronauts; physiological effects of spaceflight; physiological systems; and psychological effects of spaceflight
Flight Crew Health Stabilization Program, 110n, 157-58
and flight physicians, 20n, 60, 63
health maintenance, 23, 68, 109-10, 194, 196, 198
performance evaluation, 24-26, 54-55, 63, 64, 104-05, 108-09, 155-56
safety, 21, 47, 49, 135
as scientific investigators, 167, 194, 202
selection criteria, 9, 17, 18-20, 68, 295-302
Augerson, William S., 15, 17-18, 20, 23, 24, 25, 26, 28
Aviation Medical Acceleration Laboratory. See Navy, US aviation medicine. See biomedicine, and the military
 
balloon flight. See physiological effects of high altitude flight
Barry, William, 187-88, 189, 280
Barry report, 190
Bell, Robert, 139, 140-41, 142, 279
Berry, Charles, 13, 54, 57, 60, 61, 128, 144, 150, 151, 155, 163-65, 171, 185, 187, 190, 273, 274, 277
Bert, Paul, 3
bicycle ergometer See bioinstruments
bioastronautics. See biopolitics.
BIOCORE experiment. See space biology
bioinstruments, 7, 55, 56, 59-60, 71, 109, 114
bicycle ergometer, 172, 173 ill, 174 ill.
blood pressure measurement system (BPMS), 55-56
Integrated Medical and Behavioral Laboratory Measurement System, 117, 119, 150, 166, 281, 289-94
reliability, 24, 25, 57-58, 196
Biomedical Foundations of Manned Space flight (PSAC report), 148
biomedicine. See also clinical medicine
and Apollo Applications Program, 116, 129, 137, 141
and Apollo program, 57, 103, 105, 106, 109, 113, 114, 155-62, 193, 196, 198, 199, 331-73
and contamination controI, 110, 113, 142
and Gemini program, 59-61, 63, 103, 104, 106, 114, 119, 122, 155, 164, 199, 200-01, 331-373
and Mercury program, 15, 16-17, 53-55, 61, 71, 106, 114, 164, 200-01, 331-73
and the military, xi, 3-8, 14-15
and NASA, xi, xii, 13-17, 34, 139, 143, 155, 162-66, 172
and proposed spaceflights, 69-72, 114-15, 115-16, 162-66
and Skylab program, 116, 160 ill, 171, 172, 174 ill., 177, 192 ill, 193-94, 196, 198-201, 206
and Space Shuttle program, 193, 201-03
and space station, 202-03
biopolitics, ix, xii, 91-102, 123n
 
Biosatellite project, 69, 82, 84, 96, 103, 116, 122, 123, 125, 126, 137, 146-47, 148, 149, 151, 168, 177, 182
Biosatellite Ill, 146-47, 149, 150
Biosatellite Project Office See Ames Research Center
Biosatellite Working Group. See National Aeronautics and Space Administration-committees and working groups
BIOSTACK experiment. See space biology biotechnology, xi, xii, 3, 21-23, 35, 71, 143
Bisplinghoff, Raymond, 83, 126, 272
blood cell changes. See physiological system studies, cardiovascular.
blood pressure measurement system (BPMS) See bioinstruments.
Bollerud, Jack, 133, 273, 278
Bollerud report, 133-34, 189, 278
bone demineralization See physiological systems, musculoskeletal. Honnie (monkey). See Biosatellite III
Borman, Frank, 63
Brooks, Overton, 49
 
Carlson, Loren, 129, 286
Carpenter, Malcolm S., 111 ill.
Carr, Gerald P., 52 ill, 62 ill, 156 ill.
centrifuge See spaceflight simulation clinical medicine, 104, 108-10, 155-61, 172, 178, 182, 194, 289-94, 331-78.
Conrad, Charles, Jr, 67 ill., 118 ill, 174 ill.
contamination control. See biomedicine
Cooper, Gordon, 53, 57
Cowings, Patricia, 197 ill
 
Daddario, Emilio P., 40, 44, 48-49, 92, 97-98, 100, 124
Defense, Dept of, 30, 86, 89, 96, 98, 100, 137
Advanced Research Projects Agency, 10, 30
De France, Smith, 76, 77, 95, 272
Deutsch, Stanley, 205, 272, 277
Dietlein, Lawrence, 61, 85, 273, 274, 277
Donlan, Charles, 19, 20, 267
Douglas, William K, 20, 27, 267
Dryden, Hugh, 29, 46, 48, 74, 75, 85, 100
DynaSoar program, 11, 69, 98
 
Eisenhower, Dwight D., 10-12, 14-15, 18, 92
exobiology See National Aeronautics and Space Administration
extravehicular activity (EVA), 104, 107-08, 112 ill, 374-78
 
Extravehicular Life Support System. See spacecraft engineering, life support systems
Extravehicular Mobility Unit. See spacecraft engineering, life support systems
 
Federal Aviation Administration, 40
Federal Interdepartmental Health Policy Council, 139
Fletcher, James, 187, 190-91, 204, 205
Flight Crew Health Stabilization Program. See astronauts
funding. See National Aeronautics and Space Administration
 
Gauer, Otto, 5-6, 9
Gemini missions:
Gemini4, 106, 112 ill
Gemini 5, 106
Gemini 7, 104, 106
Gemini 8, 107
Gemini 9A, 107, 108, 109
Gemini 11, 107, 108, 109
Gemini 12, 107, 109
Gemini program, 53, 57, 58, 98, 100, 103, 110, 119, 121. See also biomedicine
Gerard, Ralph, 95
Gerathewohl, Siegfried, 84, 269
Gibson, Edward G., 52 ill, 62 ill
Gilruth, Robert, 47, 55, 76, 126-27, 128, 267, 273
Glass, H Bentley, 179, 279, 287
Glass committee report, 179-80, 182
Glenn, John, 108 ill
Glennan, T Keith, viii, 14, 15-16, 20, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 38, 41, 43-44, 45, 46, 127
Goddard Research Center, 41, 76, 84, 266, 268, 270
Graybiel, Ashton, 129
Grissom, Virgil, 55
 
Haber, Fritz, 6
Haber, Heinz, 6
Haymaker, Webb, 84, 95, 272
Hessberg, Rufus, 125, 205, 272, 277
Hinners, Noel, 205, 207
Hjornevik, W. L., 16-17
Holloman AFB, N. Mex., 6
Holmes, Brainerd, 75, 98, 273
Homer, Richard, 41, 45, 46
Hornig, Donald, 49, 92
Humphrey, Hubert, 40
Humphreys, J. W, 138-39, 140, 141, 142, 144, 150, 151, 177, 181, 185, 187, 273, 277, 279
 
hyperoxia, hypoxia. See physiological effects, oxygen
 
Integrated Manned Space Flight Program. See NASA, manned spaceflight program
Integrated Medical and Behavioral laboratory Measurement System. See bioinstruments
Inter Agency Committee on Back Contamination. See biomedicine, and contamination control
 
Jeffries, John, 2
Jet aircraft. See physiological effects of high altitude flight
Johnson, Lyndon, 49, 100, 136, 139, 140
Johnson Space Center (JSC), 15n, 189, 190, 206, 275, 277, 280. See also Manned Spacecraft Center; National Aeronautics and Space Administration committees and working groups, Space Task Group
Johnston, Richard S., 85, 190, 206, 273, 277
Jones, Walton, 125, 144, 177, 181, 272
 
Karth, Joseph, 149
Kennedy, John F., 48, 53, 68, 92
Kerwin, Joseph, 160 ill, 195 ill
Kety, Seymour, 35, 278, 283
Kety committee report, 35-38, 41, 278
Kistiakowsky, George, 92
Klein, Harold, 84, 97, 272, 277
Knauf, George, 85, 86, 87, 127, 273
Konecci, Eugene, 80-81, 82, 83-84, 86, 87, 125, 272
 
Lovelace Foundation for Medical Research and Education, 19
Lovelace, W. Randolph II, 2, 10, 16, 89, 90, 121, 122, 127, 128, 131, 273, 281
Lovelace committee See National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, Working Group on Human Factors and Training
Low, George, 29, 151, 153, 177, 181, 190
lunar landing. See Apollo program; Manned Lunar Landing Program
 
McElroy, Neil H., 30
McFarland, Ross, 129
McNamara, Robert, 98
Maggin, Bernard, 76, 139, 140-41, 142, 278, 279
Maggin committee report, 76-77
Maggin Bell report, 189, 279
Man in Space Soonest program (MISS), 11. See also Air Force, U. S.
Manned Lunar Landing Program, 97, 98, 147. See also space program, U. S.
Manned Orbiting Laboratory (MOL), 69, 137, 154 .See also Air Force, U. S.
Manned Spacecraft Center (MSC), 15n, 69, 76, 85-86, 89, 96-97, 99, 101, 121, 122, 126-27, 130, 139-40, 145, 270, 273, 274. See also Johnson Space Center
Directorate of Medical Research and Operations, 86, 126, 128, 141, 142, 274
Crew Systems Division, 273
Life Support Systems Division, 60, 128
manned spaceflight. See National Aeronautics and Space Administration, manned spaceflight program, space program, U. S.
Mark, Hans, 189
Mars landing proposals. See NASA, manned spacefIight program
Medical Aspects of an Orbiting Research Laboratory (Space Medicine Advisory Group report), 129
medical experiments. See bioinstruments, biomedicine; clinical medicine.
Medical Experiments Program. See National Aeronautics and Space Administration.
Mercury program, viii, 1, 12, 13-31, 46, 47, 49, 96, 97, 106, 282. See also biomedicine, bioinstruments, BPMS and sensors, NASA and the military.
motion sickness. See physiological effects of spacefIight, weightlessness.
Mueller, George, 86, 89, 90, 128, 132, 273
 
National Academy of Sciences, 135
Space Science Board, 35, 41, 87n, 91, 94, 110, 115, 116, 133, 153, 163, 179, 278, 279, 283, 284, 285, 286, 287, 288
National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA), 8, 10, 12
and the military, 10-11, 12, 97
and NASA, 51, 74, 97
Special Committee on Space Technology, 10
Working Group on Human Factors and Training (Lovelace committee), 10, 14, 281
National Aeronautics and Space Act, 97
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), 12
and Congress, x, xi,14, 34, 38-40, 44, 49, 82, 85, 87, 88, 90, 92, 93, 97-98, 99, 115, 123-24, 146, 178
and exobiology, 36, 85, 142, 155, 175, 179, 180, 181-82, 183, 184, 203
funding, x, 14, 30, 31, 38, 39, 41, 43, 45-46, 48-49, 81, 82, 85-86, 98-99, 101, 102, 122, 123-24, 148, 152, 169, 171, 176-77, 178, 181, 183-84, 379-81
interoffice conflicts, viii-ix, 76, 79, 80-84, 86-87, 88, 99, 122-26, 140-41, 142, 151
and life sciences, viii-xii, 28, 31, 34-36, 38, 40, 46-47, 50-51, 71-72, 77, 82, 84, 87, 90, 92-93, 95-96, 102, 119-22, 132-52, 167-68, 175-93, 203, 204-05, 206, 207-10
management authority, viii-ix, 28-29, 79, 100, 101, 120, 121, 126, 127-28, 129-30, 130-31, 132-34, 143, 145, 175-76, 183-87, 188, 209
manned spaceflight program, viii, x-xii, 28, 29, 50, 68-70, 71-72, 137, 153-55, 168, 172, 178, 180, 191-92, 206-207, 209, 287
Medical Experiments Program, 122
and military research, ix, xi, 8, 13, 14-15, 29-30, 34-35, 36-37, 38, 40, 41, 48, 51, 69, 73, 85, 86-87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 96, 97-98, 99, 100-02, 123n, 124, 137, 154
personnel, 14-17, 20, 26-27, 43-44, 99-100, 206, 207-08
reorganizations, xii, 73, 74-80, 87, 90, 93, 96-97, 135, 175-76, 181-82, 190-91, 266-277
and science community, ix-x, xi, 1, 13-14, 29, 34, 40, 47, 51, 68, 73, 87-88, 90, 91-92, 96, 101, 131, 141, 147, 149-50, 181, 182, 203
and space sciences, viii, 29, 30, 152, 178-79, 181-82, 203, 209
National Aeronautics and Space Administration-committees and working groups. See also Manned Spaceflight Center, Johnson Space Center
Astronaut Medical and Training Office (STG), 20, 27
Biomedical Experiments Working Group, 70, 116, 285
Biosatellite Working Group, 83
Biosciences Advisory Committee, 31, 33, 35, 40, 46, 129, 278, 283
Life Sciences Advisory Committee 15-16, 17, 28, 29, 180, 181, 182, 186, 207, 266, 276, 288
Life Sciences Directors Groups, 88-89, 102, 119-22, 126, 130, 131-33, 141, 144-45, 183, 270, 279
Life Sciences Study Task Group, 142-44, 177, 188-89, 279
Life Sciences Working Group, 76-77, 78, 278
Life Systems Division (STG), 20, 47
Manned Space Flight Experiments Board, 89, 129, 270, 273
Medical Experiments Panel, 129-30, 273
Space Biology and Aerospace Medicine Board, 145, 150
Space Medicine Advisory Group, 70, 90, 116, 128-29, 163, 285
Space Task Group (STG), 15, 16, 17, 20, 28, 45, 46, 47, 75, 126-27, 266, 268
Special Advisory Committee for Life Sciences. See Life Sciences Advisory Committee.
Technical Advisory Committee, 117
National Aeronautics and Space Administration-Headquarters, 74, 188, 266, 268, 270, 275, 276
Directorate of Space Medicine (OMSF), 128, 131, 141, 142
Division of Life Sciences Programs (OMSF; OSS), 175, 275, 276, 277
Office of Administration, 175
Office of Advanced Research and Technology (OART), 74, 77, 79 ill., 83, 84, 86, 120, 122, 123, 124, 125-126, 145, 175, 185, 266, 268, 270, 272, 275, 279
Office of Applications, 74n
Office of Biotechnology and Human Research, 71, 270
Office of Life Science Programs, 39, 40-43, 44, 46-51, 75, 80, 96, 268, 269
Office of Manned Space Flight (OMSF), 70, 74, 77, 79 ill, 86, 89, 120, 124, 145, 175, 180, 185, 188, 191, 270, 273, 275, 285
Office of Programs and Evaluation, 47
Office of Space Flight Development, 29
Office of Space Flight Programs, 46, 50, 266, 267, 268
Office of Space Science (OSS), 74, 77, 79 ill., 83, 84, 86, 89, 145, 151, 175, 177, 180, 191, 276, 286
Office of Space Science and Applications (OSSA), 120, 122, 123, 124, 181, 185, 270-71, 275
National Aeronautics and Space Council, 92, 93, 95, 100, 136, 140
National Institutes of Health, 40, 42, 50, 130, 177
Naugle, John, 144, 177, 205, 271
Navy, U S., 4, 11
Aerospace Medical Institute, 169
Aviation Medical Acceleration Laboratory, 8
Naval Equipment Center, 8
Naval School of Aviation Medicine, 7
Nelson, Norton, 94, 278
Neutral Buoyancy Simulator See spaceflight simulation.
Newell, Homer, 29, 76, 78, 83, 89, 91, 125, 126, 132, 144-45, 177, 179, 186, 271
Nixon, Richard, 45, 178, 180
 
orthostatic hypotension. See physiological systems, cardiovascular
oxygen. See physiological effects of high altitude flight and physiological effects of spaceflight
 
Pace, Nello, 87n, 95-96, 101, 147, 278, 285
Paine, Thomas, 151, 177
personnel, NASA See National Aeronautics and Space Administration
physiological effects of high altitude flight balloon, 2, 3, 7, 24
jet aircraft, 4
physiological effects of spaceflight, vii-viii, 45, 53-54, 56-68, 60-61, 115-16, 209-10
See also spaceflight simulation
acceleration forces, 5-6, 9, 10, 59-60, 104
atmospheric toxins, 64-65, 104, 106, 107, 163
mission duration, 104, 105 ill ,155, 156-57, 162, 163-66, 194, 199, 202
oxygen supply, 6, 9, 22-23, 64, 200
radiation, 9, 10, 63-64, 104, 107, 161-62, 163, 203
weightlessness, 5, 6-7, 9, 10, 60-61, 62 ill., 63, 104, 156 ill., 157-59, 192 ill., 194, 199, 200, 203
and women, 202, 206
physiological system studies cardiovascular, 57, 59, 61, 70, 104, 105, 106, 113-14, 156, 158, 159, 161, 163, 171-72, 194, 196, 200-01
musculoskeletal, 61, 70, 104, 105-06, 113-14, 161, 171, 194, 199
metabolic, 109, 113-14, 115, 156, 161, 163, 194
vestibular, 61, 106, 156, 158-59, 161, 194, 196, 199
visual, 161-62
planetary exploration See National Aeronautics and Space Administration, manned spaceflight program, and space sciences
Popma, Dan, 205, 277
Portable Life Support System. See spacecraft engineering, life support systems
President's Science Advisory Committee (PSAC), 47, 49, 55, 87n, 92, 94, 133, 135, 136, 140, 142, 151
ad hoc Panel on Space Biology and Medicine, 138
Bioastronautics Panel, 92-93, 95, 100, 278
Biomedical Working Group, 139, 148, 279
Space Science and 'Technology Panel, 139
 
psychological effects of spaceflight, 68, 116, 163, 164, 165
Public Health Service, U.S., 27, 110
 
quarantine. See biomedicine, contamination control.
 
radiation. See physiological effects of spaceflight
Randt, Clark T, 31, 33-35, 40, 41, 42, 43-44, 45-48, 49, 99, 127, 269
Reagan, Ronald, 209
Reynolds, Orr, 78, 80-81, 82, 83, 86, 96, 125, 126, 131, 132, 144, 151, 177, 182, 271, 282
Roadman, Charles, 49, 75, 85, 127, 269, 273
Rubel, John, 98, 100
 
Schafer, Leah, 197 ill
Schirra, Walter, 21 ill, 56-57
Schriever, Bernard, 39, 97
Seamans, Robert, 47, 48, 74, 75, 76, 77-78, 79, 83, 88, 93-94, 95, 96, 98, 120, 126, 130, 131-132, 133, 134, 138-39, 144, 269
Shelton, John, 2
Shepard, Alan B, Jr., 53, 55
Silverstein, Abe, 29, 46, 47, 267
Skylab missions, 194
Skylab 2, 161
Skylab program 1, 115, 171, 178, 191, 194. See also biomedicine
Slayton, Deke, 60
Smith, Margaret Chase, 39
Soffen, Gerald, 207-08, 277
Soviet Union, 8, 207
space biology, xi, xii, 143, 177, 203. See also Biosatellite
BI0CORE, 161
BIOSTACK, 161
frog otolith study, 168-69
and the military, 6, 8
and NASA, 68-69, 71, 81, 85, 98-99, 122, 125, 161
spacecraft engineering
Gemini capsule, 63-66
life support systems, 20, 21-22, 53, 64, 106-08, 110, 116, 169-70
man-machine systems, 71, 209
Mercury capsule, 22-23, 27-28
orbiting laboratory, 70-71, 115
and physiological data, vii-viii, 6, 8, 9-10, 20, 63-64, 65-66,
pressure suit, 22, 64, 107, 108 ill, 109, 206
Skylab, 67 ill
spaceflight simulation, 8, 27, 152 ill
Advanced Integrated Life Support System, 170-71
Neutral Buoyancy Simulator, 32 ill., 118 ill
The Space Program in the Post Apollo Period (PSAC report), 136-37
space program, U.S., 149, 178, 180, 207
and biomedicine, 36-37, 39-40, 42, 47
and the military, 4, 5, 7, 10-12, 30, 97
and space race, 8, 14, 39, 51, 73
Space Science Board. See National Academy of Sciences
Space Shuttle program (STS), 178, 187, 191, 201
space station program, 194, 201, 202-03, 209
space suit See spacecraft engineering, pressure suit.
Space Task Group See National Aeronautics and Space Administration-committees and working groups
Space Transportation System (STS) See Space Shuttle program
space tug. See Space Shuttle program
spacewalk See extravehicular activity
Special Advisory Committee for Life Sciences See National Aeronautics and Space Administration, committees and working groups
Sputnik 1, 8
Stapp, John, 7
Stead, Eugene, 138, 139, 140, 279
Stever, H. Guyford, 10
Strughold, Hubertus, 4-5
 
Vanguard (satelIite), 11
Vinograd, Sherman P., 70, 90, 117, 128, 129, 166, 205, 273, 277, 285
Vinson, David, 95
Voas, Robert, 15, 17, 18, 20, 27-28, 267
 
von Beckh, Harold J., 6-7
von Braun, Wernher, 12
Von Gierke, Henning, 5
Voris, Frank, 125, 272
 
Warren, James V., 129
Webb, James E., viii-ix, 48, 73-74, 75, 87n, 94, 95, 98, 144
 
weightlessness. See physiological effects of spacefIight
Weitz, Paul J., 161 ill., 173 ill., 195 ill.
Welsh, Edward C, 93, 94, 95, 100
 
White, Edward H., 112 ill
White, Stanley C, 15, 17, 20, 23, 28, 53-54, 55, 57, 267, 273
White, Thomas, 97
Wiesner, Jerome, 30, 48, 92
Williams, Walter C., 20, 267
Wilson, Charles, 21 ill, 272
Wilson, Roscoe, 97
 
Winter, David L., 190, 204, 205, 206, 207, 277
women in space. See physiological effects of spacefIight
Wright Air (later Aerospace) Development Center, 5, 19
Aeromedical Field Laboratory, 6
Aviation (later Aerospace) Medical Laboratory, 5-6
 
X-15 (research aircraft), 1
X-20 program, 100
 
Young, Richard, 205-06, 269, 271, 272, 277
Young, Stephen M., 39

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