SP-4217 Beyond the Ionosphere

 

[311-317] INDEX

 

A

 
Aarons, Jules, 23, 25
ACTS, see Advanced Communications Technology Satellite
Adler, Fred, 115
Advanced Communications Technology Satellite (ACTS), xviii, 62-63;
see also NASA
Advanced Research Projects Agency, see ARPA
Advent, see Department of Defense
Aerosat, xxix, 151, 153, 268-272
Aetna Satellite Communications Company, 284, 286
Air Transport Association (ATA), 268
Alouette, see Canada
American Mobile Satellite Corporation (AMSC), 202-203, 280;
and Telesat Mobile Inc., 280
American Satellite Company (ASC), xx
Anderson, Roy, 268
Anik, see Canada
Applications Technology Satellite (ATS), xviii, 4-5, 56-60, 84, 120, 126-127, 219-223, 230
Apstar, 229
Ariane, xxiii, 61, 134, 137, 155, 156, 231
ARINC Radio, 268, 270
ARPA, xvi, 42-43, 66, 100-101;
and Defense Research and Engineering, 115
Asiasat, 235, 236
Astrain, Santiago, 258
Atserov, Capt. Yuri, 272
AT&T (American Telephone and Telegraph), xiii, xv, xvii-xxi, xxv, 36, 52-54, 62, 95-97, 99-109, 111-112, 115, 117-119, 121-123, 125, 159, 162, 179, 182, 245, 248, 275, 283-284, 286, 288;
and Bell Telephone Laboratories, xvi-xvii, 37, 39, 42-48, 51-52, 54, 98, 101-104, 126, 140, 267, 286;
and Holmdel facility, xxi, 29, 36-37, 39, 41-44, 46, 48, 51-52;
see also Telstar
AT&T Wireless Services (formerly McCaw), 280
ATS, see Applications Technology Satellite
AUSSAT, 229
 
B
 
Baker, William, 104
Ballistic Missile Early Warning System, see BMEWS
Bay, Zoltan, xv, 21
Bendix Radio, 266
Best, George, 104, 107
Bhabha, Homi J., 217-220, 222, 223, 225-226
Blackett, Patrick, 19-21, 28
Blagonravov, Dr. Anatoli, 187
Blaw Knox, 219
BMEWS (Ballistic Missile Early Warning System), xix, 13
Boeing, 268, 270
Bohlen, Charles, 145
Bondi, Hermann, 152
Boucher, Roland, 267
Brackey, Thomas, 64
Bragg, William L., 19
Brinkley, J.R., 24-25, 29
Britain, 134-135, 143, 156, 178-179, 228;
and Blue Streak missile, 143, 161;
and Festival of Britain, 26-28;
and Foreign Office, xxiv, 28, 30, 157-158, 163-169;
and Ministry of Aviation, xxiv, 160, 161-162, 162, 163, 164, 165;
and Ministry of Supply, 23;
and Post Office, xxiv, 6, 97, 134, 157-165, 168-169, 178, 274;
and Skynet, 86;
and Telecom-munications Research Establishment (later Radar Research Station), 19, 22, 29;
see also Cables
Brooks, Overton, 107, 109
Browne, Ian C., 22
Bureau of the Budget, 100, 110
Burke, Admiral Arleigh, 16
Busignies, Henri G., 101
 
C
 
Cables; British interests in, 157-159;
and Fiber optic, 3, 7, 76, 91, 186, 285-286;
and Submarine telegraph and telephone cables, 3-7, 25, 79, 96-98, 185-186;
and Underwater and Cuba, 243, 245, 248;
and Underwater and France, 3-6, 97
Calvit, Tom, 276
Canada, 131, 166-167, 178, 195-203, 225, 258;
and Aerosat, 271-272;
and Alouette, 198-199;
and Anik, 131, 199, 200, 202;
and Chapman report, 199;
and Communications Research Centre, 201-203;
and Communications Technology Satellite (CTS) program, xxvi, 199, 201, 258;
and Defence Research Telecommunications Establishment, xxvi, 198, 199, 201, transferred to the Department of Communications, 201;
and Department of Communications, 60, 279;
and Hermes, 60, 199, 201-202;
and Inter-national Satellites for Ionospheric Studies (ISIS) program, 198-199;
and MSAT-X experimental program, 279;
and Overseas Telecommunications Corporation, 97;
and Teleglobe, 203, 262;
and Telesat Canada, 199, 202
Carter, Gilbert, 167, 178, 179
Carter, William, 174
Carver, Frank, 100
Central Intelligence Agency, see CIA
CEPT (European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations), 120, 135, 152, 167, 178, 179
CETS (European Telecommunications Satellite Committee), xxiii, 146, 157, 176, 179, 180, 182
Charyk, Joseph V., 114, 116, 120, 123, 176
Chayes, Abram, 176
Cheprov, Dr. I.I., 187-188
China, 205-214, 219, 228-230, 234-238, 274;
and applications of communications satellites in, 211-213;
and Chinese Academy of Space Technology, 205, 210-214;
and CTI, 236;
and foreign cooperation, 210-211, 214;
and future plans for satellite communications, 212-214;
and Post and Telecommunications Ministry, 261;
and television in, 211-213, 237-238, 261-262;
see also Dong Fang Hong satellites, Project SHARE
CIA (Central Intelligence Agency), 77
Clarke, Arthur C., ix-x, xvi, 33, 55, 65, 93, 96, 121, 124, 125, 221, 257, 266
CML Satellite Corporation, see Satellite Business Systems
Colino, Richard, 177
Collins Radio Company, xv, 39
Commercial Cable company, 3
Commonwealth Telecommunications Partnership, 158, 162
Commonwealth Satellite Communications Conference, 160, 165-166, 178
Communications Satellite Act of 1962, ix, 54, 95, 113, 119-120, 166, 172-173, 178, 180, 184-185, 187-188
Communications Satellite Corporation, see Comsat
Communications Technology Satellite (CTS) program, see Canada
Comsat, ix, xii, xviii, xx-xxi, xxv, 54, 56, 62, 67, 69, 111, 113-124, 126, 133, 139-140, 150-151, 154, 166, 169, 172-176, 179-187, 191, 268-278, 284, 286;
and Comsat General (subsidiary), 275;
and Comsat Laboratories, ix;
and Soviet criticism of, 186-187
Courier, xi, 67
Cuba, 189, 191, 243-254;
and Academy of Sciences, 246;
and Caribe station, 247-249, 251-254;
and Central National Science and Technology Library, 254;
and Cubavision, 253;
and Intelsat, 248-249, 253-254;
and Ministry of Communications, 245-247;
and shortwave radio long-distance communications in, 243, 245-246;
and television in, 245, 247-248, 252-253;
and University of Havana, 246;
see also Cables
Cunard Line, 272
 
D
 
DCA, see Department of Defense
DCS, see Department of Defense
Defense Information Systems Agency, see Department of Defense
Defense Satellite Communications System (DSCS), see Department of Defense
de Gaulle, Charles, 141-142, 156, 168
Denison, Edward, 138
Department of Defense (DoD), xiii-xiv, xvi, xviii-xix, xxi, xxv, 54, 56-57, 65-78, 79-93, 98, 100, 104, 110, 112, 116-117, 120, 123, 125-126, 140, 176, 181, 183-186, 266;
and Advent, 54, 65-67, 104, 109, 126;
and Commercial Satellite Communications Initiative, 76;
and Decree, 66;
and Defense Communications Agency (DCA), 67-68, 71, 72, 185;
and Defense Communications System (DCS), 67;
and Defense Information Systems Agency (successor to DCA), 72-73;
and Defense Satellite Communications System (DSCS), 69-72, 75, 83-84, 86-87, 89, 183, 191;
and Initial Defense Communications Satellite Program (IDCSP), 67-69, 83;
and Initial Defense Satellite Communications System (IDSCS), xi, 68-69;
and Joint Space Management Board, 77;
and LEASAT, 86;
and Office of Space Systems, 174;
and Project Steer, 66;
and Project Tackle, 66;
and STRATSAT, 73;
and TACSAT, 84-85, 202, 275;
and Tri-Service Program 591;
and UHF Follow-On (UFO) satellites, 86;
see also ARPA, Milstar
Deutsches Bundespost, 97
Developing countries, satellite communications in, 257-264, 259-260
Development Engineering Corporation, 16
DEW (Distant Early Warning) Line, xix
DeWitt, John H., Jr., xv, 21
Dhawan, Satish, 224-225
Dickman, Maj. Gen. Robert S., 77
Diefenbaker, John, 195
Dirac, Paul, 217
Dong Fang Hong satellites, 205-206, 209-214
Dorian, Capt. Charles, 272
Douglas, James H., Jr., 104
Douglas, Paul, 113
Doyle, Stephen E., 190
Dryden, Hugh J., 36, 43, 106, 108, 187
DSCS (Defense Satellite Communications System), see Department of Defense
D.S. Kennedy Company, 44
 
E
 
Early, Louis B., 177
Early Bird (Intelsat I), ix, xi-xxi, 95-96, 111, 117-123, 126, 133, 139, 182, 246, 258, 263, 268
Eastern and Associated Telegraph Companies (later known as Imperial and International Communications, then Cable and Wireless), 3, 4, 6, 236
Echo (program), xi, xvi-xviii, 29, 33-40, 41-49, 51, 101-104, 109, 125, 267;
and Echo 1, ix, xix, xxi;
and Echo 2, 29, 51
Edelson, Burt, 275
Eisenhower, President Dwight D., 35, 37, 39, 53, 104-105, 195;
and presidential administration, 104-106, 125, 141
Elder, Donald, 41
ELDO (European Launcher Development Organization), xxii, xxiv, 132-134, 143, 146-148, 152, 156, 161-162, 165, 177;
and ELDO-PAS (Perigee-Apogee System), 148
Equatorial Communications Corporation, 264
ESA (European Space Agency), xxii-xxiii, xxvi, 60, 131, 134-135, 198, 202, 222, 225, 230;
and Helios, 145;
and history project, 131;
see also ESRO (European Space Research Organization)
Eshleman, Von R., xiv
ESRO (European Space Research Organization), xxii-xxiii, 131-135, 142-143, 145-146, 152-153, 156, 177, 201, 268, 271-272;
and European Space Technology Center, 272
Europa, 132-133, 143, 154, 156
European Communications Satellite (ECS), 131-132, 136
European Conference of Postal and Telecommunica-tions Administrations, see CEPT
European Conference on Satellite Communications, 120, 152
European Launcher Development Organization, see ELDO
European Space Agency, see ESA
European Space Conference, 134, 150, 152, 154
European Space Research Organization, see ESRO
European Telecommunications Satellite Committee, see CETS
Eurospace, 177
Eurovision network, 133, 253
EUTELSAT, 135, 253
Evans, John V., ix, 22, 24, 26, 29
 
F
 
FAA (Federal Aviation Administration), xxix, 268, 270-272
FCC (Federal Communications Commission), xx, xxv, 104, 106-107, 109-110, 114-115, 118-121, 152, 172-173, 176, 179, 183-186, 275, 279-280, 283-284
Fairchild Space and Electronics Company, 59
Federal Aviation Administration, see FAA
Federal Communications Commission, see FCC
FEP (FLTSAT EHF Packages), 90-91, 93
Ferguson, Marjorie, 237
Fisk, James, 107
FLEETSAT, see Fleet Satellite Communications
FLTSAT, see Fleet Satellite Communications
Fleet Satellite Communications, 75;
and FLEETSAT, 183, 275, 277;
and FLTSAT, 86, 90
Ford Aerospace, xx, 61-62, 127;
and FORDSAT, xx
France, 133-134, 141-147, 154-156, 161, 168, 272;
and Diamant, 156;
and Early Bird, 121-122;
and Echo program, xxi;
and Telstar, 53;
see also Cables, Symphonie
Frutkin, Arnold W., 145-146, 219, 220, 222-223
Fubini, Dr. Eugene, 183
Fulbright, Sen. J. William, 176
Furth, Capt. Frederick, 14
 
G
 
Gagarin, Maj. Yuri A., 107, 125
Gandhi, Indira, 218, 224
Gandhi, Mahatma, 216-218
GAO (Government Accounting Office), 76
General Electric, 5, 62, 70, 87, 98, 100-101, 104, 107-109, 125, 223, 272;
see also RCA
General Mills Company, 38
George Washington University, ix, 99
Geostar, 279
Gilruth, Robert R., 116-117
Glennan, T. Keith, 37, 102-107
Global Positioning System, 268
Gold, Philip, 77
Goodpaster, Andrew J., 104
Gore, Vice President Albert, 64
Gore, Sen. Albert, 113
Government Accounting Office, see GAO
Graham, Beardsley, 114
Graham, Philip L., 114, 172
Gruening, Ernest, 113
GTE, 98, 101-102, 114, 119, 125
 
H
 
Haeff, A.V., 102
Hargreaves, J.K., 21-22
Harris, Rep. Oren, 112
Harvey, Sir Robert, 160, 167
Haviland, R.P., 100
Hawkins, Gerald, 22-23
Hechler, Ken, 115
Hermes, see Canada
Higgins, Charles, 21
Hong Kong (Hutchinson Whampoa), 228, 236
Hope-Jones, Ronald, C., 164, 165, 167
Horizont, see Soviet Union
House, Dr. Max, 262
Hudspeth, Tom, 101, 121, 124
Hughes Aircraft Company (Hughes Aerospace), xviii, xx, 54, 56, 62-64, 84-85, 95, 100-103, 108-109, 111-112, 115-117, 120-126, 140, 182, 223, 229, 239, 258, 267-270, 275, 277, 281, 285-286;
and GALAXY, xx;
and Hughes Communications, 280;
and Hughes-Williams Patent, 95, 102
Hulburt, E.O., 11
Humphrey, Hubert H., 146
Husband, H. Charles, 24
Hyland, Lawrence, 11
Hyland, L.A. "Pat," 102
 
I
 
IBM (International Business Machines), xxix, 284, 286, 288
IDCSP (Initial Defense Communications Satellite Program), see Department of Defense
IDSCS (Initial Defense Satellite Communications System), see Department of Defense
IGY (International Geophysical Year), xvii, 35
India, 131, 215-226, 230-231, 235-236;
and All India Radio, 221-222, 225;
and Arvi station, 219;
and atomic energy (including Department of Atomic Energy), 216-218, 220-222;
and Department of Space, 218, 224-225;
and Doordarshan (Indian TV), 221, 225, 231;
and Indian National Committee for Outer Space Research (INCOSPAR), 218;
and Ministry of Communications (later Telecommunica-tions), 219, 221, 224, 225, 231;
and Ministry of Defense, 223;
and Planning Commission, 224-225;
and Postal and Telegraphs Departments (under Ministry of Telecommunications), 223, 225;
and satellites and rural development in, 220-223, 223-224, 226;
see also Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO), INSAT (Indian National Satellite), SITE
Indian National Satellite, see INSAT
Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO), 215, 220, 222, 224-225, 230-231
Indonesia, 131, 228, 232-234, 235, 236, 237;
and Palapa, 232-233, 237;
and RCTI (Rajawah Citra Televisi Indonesia), 233-234;
and Suharto family, 234;
and TVRI (state-owned television), 232-233
Initial Defense Communications Satellite Program (IDCSP), see Department of Defense
Initial Defense Satellite Communications System (IDSCS), see Department of Defense
Inmarsat (International Maritime Satellite Organization, later International Mobile Satellite Organization), xii, xxix, 265, 272-274, 276-281;
and inception, 272-274;
and Maritime Satellite Act of 1978, 273
Innis, Harold A., 229, 239
INSAT (Indian National Satellite), xxvi-xxvii, 215, 217, 219-226;
and historiography, 215
Intelsat (International Telecommunications Satellite Organization), ix, xi-xxv, xxvii-xxviii, 120, 124, 131, 135, 139-140, 144, 147, 149, 150-154, 182-183, 233, 258-262, 270, 272-274, 277, 279;
and Definitive Arrangements ("Agreements"), xiv, 150-152, 154, 259;
and Intelsat Business Service, 259;
and Intelsat II, 123, 126, 270;
and Intelsat III, 123-124, 126;
and Intelsat IV, 206, 258, 274;
and Intelsat IV Charging Policy group, 258-259;
Intelsat V and V-A, 259, 261, 277;
and Intelsat VI, 263;
and Interim Arrangements ("Agreements"), 150, 157, 180-182, 183, 187-188;
and Interim Communications Satellite Committee (ICSC), 123, 180, 182, 258-259;
and Soviet criticism of, 186-191;
and VISTA, 259,
see also Cuba, Early Bird (Intelsat I)
Interagency Group on International Aviation, 270-271
International Institute of Communications, 261
International Telecommunications Union, see ITU
International Telephone and Telegraph, see ITT
Intersputnik, xiii, xxv, xxvii, 189-191, 247, 249, 251, 253
Intervision network, 253
Iridium, 62, 126, 280
ISRO, see Indian Space Research Organization
Istvan, Edwin J., 174, 175, 176
Italy, 156
ITT, xiii, xix, 62, 97-98, 100-101, 103, 106, 108, 117, 119, 122-123, 125, 182, 243, 245, 271, 275;
and research laboratories, xv, 12
ITU (International Telecommunications Union), 152, 153, 176, 181, 188-189, 235;
and Space Conferences, 274
 
J
 
Jacobs, Irwin, 280
Jaffe, Leonard, 51, 52, 53, 105, 112, 117, 124, 219, 220
Jakes, William, 48-49
Japan, 131
Jenner, W.J.F., 238
Jet Propulsion Laboratory, see JPL
Jodrell Bank, Nuffield Radio Astronomy Laboratories at, xiv, xvi, 19, 21-30, 159
Johnson, John A., 103-105, 176-177, 258
Johnson, President Lyndon B., 39, 107, 140, 146, 148, 156
Johnson, U. Alexis, 146, 151, 153
JPL (Jet Propulsion Laboratory), xvii, 29, 36, 39, 41-49, 51, 99, 101, 102;
and Deep Space Network, xvii, 44
 
K
 
Kaiser, Tom, 21-22
Kale, Pramod, 222
Kappel, Fred, 106, 109
Katzenbach, Nicholas, 173
Kefauver, Sen. Estes, 111-113
Kennedy, David, 114
Kennedy, President John F., Jr., 53-54, 105, 107-110, 113-114, 160, 172-173, 184;
and presidential administration, 105, 125-126, 155, 157
Kerr, Frank, 21
Kerr, Sen. Robert S., 106, 111
Kissinger, Henry, 271
Kistiakowsky, George B., 103
Kitely, Philip, 232, 234
Kompfner, Rudolph, 36, 41-42, 51, 99
Krige, John, 28, 131
Kurie, Franz, 16
 
L
 
Langereux, Pierre, 271
Launius, Roger, ix
Lefèvre, Théodore, 150-153
Leming, Thomas, 285-286
Lessing, Lawrence, 55
Li, Richard, 236
Liebhaber, Richard, 286
Lincoln Laboratory, see MIT
Lipke, David, 276
Lockheed, 55, 108-109, 114, 125-126, 284;
and Lockheed Martin, 239;
and Telesat, 108
Lockspeiser, Sir Ben, 27
Long, Russell, 113
Lorenzen, Howard, 14
Lovell, Sir Bernard, xiv, xvi, 19-20, 22-30
Low, George M., 151
 
M
 
Mackinder, Halford J., 228
Mahathir, Mohamed, 236, 241
Marconi, Guglielmo, x, 3-6;
and Marconi company, 5
Marisat, 269-270, 274-278;
and Europe, 276-277;
and Gapfiller, 85-86;
and Marecs, 277-278
Maritime communications, in Cuba, 254;
see also Mobile satellite communications
Marvin, Carolyn, 229, 235
MCI (founded as Microwave Communications of America, then known as MCI), xxix-xxx, 62, 283-288;
and CML Satellite Corporation, 284;
and MCI Lockheed Satellite Corporation, 283-284;
and MCI Satellite Incorporated, 283,
see also Satellite Business Systems (SBS)
McClure, Richard ("Dick"), 276
McDougall, Walter A., 97
McGowan, William G., 283, 285-286
McLeod, Ben, 268
McNamara, Robert S., 66-67, 120, 146
Menzel, Donald, 12
Merrick, William, 44
Metcalf, George, 104
Meteor burst communications, x, xiii-xiv
Meyer, Lewis, 177
Metzger, Sidney ("Sid"), 124, 258
Meyer, Harold, 80
Milstar (Military, Strategic, Tactical and Relay program), 65, 73-75, 78, 89-92;
and SCAMP (Single-Channel Advanced Milstar Portable) terminal, 91-92;
and SCOTT (Single-Channel Objective Tactical Terminal), 91;
see also Department of Defense
MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology), 39;
and Charles Stark Draper Laboratory, 88;
and Lincoln Experimental Satellite (LES) series, xix, 81-86, 202, 275;
and Lincoln Experimental Terminals (LET), 81, 83;
and Lincoln Laboratory, xiii-xix, 25, 66, 79-93;
and Millstone Hill facility, 25;
and Radiation Laboratory, xix, 19
Mobile satellite communications, 265-281;
and airborne via ATS satellites, 268-269;
and airborne via Syncom, 267;
and airborne via tropospheric scattering, 266-267;
and cellular, in Asia, 239;
and in Canada, 202, 279-281;
and in the military, 84-85, 89-91, 274-277;
and Mobilesat, 279;
and Skylink, 279;
and via aircraft-to-satellite links, 279;
via ship-to-satellite links, 272-277;
see also Aerosat, Inmarsat, Marisat, Milstar
Molniya, see Soviet Union
Moon bounce relay, x-xi, xiii-xvi, 9-18, 66, 102, 266;
and at Jodrell Bank, 19-30;
and Echo Project tests using, 47;
and in Canada, 195;
and PAMOR (Passive Moon Relay), 9, 14, 15;
see also Canada, NRL
Moorhead, William S., 184
Morrow, Walter, 80
Morse, Wayne, 113
Motorola, 62, 280
Mtel Corporation, 280
Murdoch, Rupert, 228, 235-236
Murphy, Gordon, 115
Murray, William, 21-22
 
N
 
NACA, xvi, 35-37, 51, 99
NASA, xvi-xix, xxi, xxvi, 28-29, 37-39, 43-44, 51-64, 95-96, 98, 100-104, 106-112, 115-117, 119, 121-122, 126-127, 140, 145, 147-152, 154, 156, 159, 173, 176-177, 183-184, 198, 202, 219-226, 230-231, 239, 258, 267-268, 270-271, 279;
and accord with Comsat for Apollo lunar program (search earlier pages), 183-184, 270;
and Advanced Cooperation Project, 145;
and Goddard Space Flight Center, x, xxx, 46, 51, 54, 56, 59-62, 148;
and History Office, ix;
and Langley Research Center, 51, 99, 101;
and Lewis Research Center, 60-62, 201;
and Marshall Space Flight Center, 116-117;
and Office of Applications, 117;
and Rebound, 106,
see also Advanced Communications Technology Satellite (ACTS), Applications Technology Satellite (ATS), Canada, Communications Technology Satellite program, JPL
National Academy of Sciences, 51, 198;
and Advisory Committee on Undersea Warfare, 16
National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, see NACA
National Aeronautics and Space Administration, see NASA
National Aeronautics and Space Council, 107-110, 146, 149, 185, 173
National Bureau of Standards, xiv;
and Central Radio Propagation Laboratory, xv, 24
National Communications System (NCS), 184
National Research Council, Committee on Satellite Communications, 61-62
National Security Council, 141, 147
NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization), xxiii-xxiv, 141-142, 145, 155;
and NATOSAT, ix
Nehru, Jawaharlal, 218, 230
Neuberger, Maurine, 113
Nixon, President Richard M., 137, 153, 155, 206;
and presidential administration, 61, 271
Noordung, Hermann, 257
North American Aviation, 97
North Atlantic Treaty Organization, see NATO
Nunn, Robert G., Jr., 103-106, 108
 
O
 
Oberth, Hermann, 96
OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development), 138
Office of Civil Defense, 110
Office of Telecommunication Policy, 151, 152, 154, 186, 271-272
Olympics, Tokyo 1964, 54, 56, 120;
and Montreal 1976, 252
Opto-electronics, 91-93;
and LASERCOM, 92, 93
Orbiting Test Satellite (OTS), xxi, 131-132, 136, 156
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, see OECD
O'Sullivan, William J., Jr., 35-36, 38, 42-43, 99
OTS, see Orbiting Test Satellite
 
P
 
Page, Robert Morris, 16
Paine, Thomas O., 149-150
Pal, Yash, 224
Pan Am, 268, 270
Parker, Edwin, 264
Perras, Marcel, 259
Persian Gulf War, 73, 75
Persons, Gen. Wilton B., 104
Peters, Hugh, 25
Petrie, Cap, 268
Philco, 108, 117, 120;
and Philco Ford, 272
Pickering, William H., 36, 42-43, 99
Pierce, John Robinson, xvi-xvii, 34-36, 41-43, 51-52, 96, 99-100, 103, 124-125
Pompidou, Georges, 156
Ponsonby, John E.B., 26
Prakash, Brahm, 224
Project Needles, see Project West Ford
Project RAND, 65-66, 97
Project SHARE (Satellites for Health and Rural Education), xxviii, 259-264;
and beginnings of, 259-260;
and between Nova Scotia, Canada, and Kenya and the Caribbean, 262;
and conclusions drawn from the program, 263-264;
and in China, 261-262;
see also Developing countries, satellite communications in; India
Project West Ford, x, xiii-xiv, xvi, xix, xxviii, 29, 66, 79-83, 109, 186, 267
Psurtsev, N.D., 247
Pye Telecommunications Ltd., xvi, 24-26, 30
 
Q
 
Qualcomm, 280
Quarles, Donald A., 16
 
R
 
radar, 11-16, 18, 21-22
radio, 4-5, 9, 11-12, 97;
and high frequency, 11;
and shortwave, 5-7, 243, 245-246,
see also Cuba, India, All India Radio
Radio Corporation of America, see RCA
Raman, C.V., 218
Rao, Leela, 231
RCA (Radio Corporation of America), xx, 5-6, 54, 62, 97-98, 102, 108-109, 111, 114-115, 117, 119, 122-125, 127, 140, 182, 219, 267, 271, 275;
see also General Electric
Rainford, R.A., 23
Reagan, Pres. Ronald, 74
Reiger, Siegfried H., 116, 124, 177
Relay, xi, xviii, xx, 54-55, 106, 108-109, 111-112, 115-116, 121, 123, 125, 159, 267
Renold, Sir Charles, 26
Roback, Herbert, 184
Rogers, William P., 105
Rosen, Harold A., 100-102, 112, 116, 121, 124
Royal Astronomical Society, xiv
Rusk, Dean, 139
Russell, Bertrand, 27
Ryle, Sir Martin, xiv, 19
 
S
 
SAGE (Semi-Automatic Ground Environment), xix
Sarabhai, Ambalal, 218
Sarabhai, Vikram A., 218-219, 221-226, 230
Satcom F-1, 125
Satellite Business Systems (SBS), xx, xxix, 62, 126, 283;
and CML Satellite Corporation, 126;
and creation, 284;
and Purchased by MCI, 286-288,
see also MCI
Satellite Instructional Television Experiment, see SITE
SBS, see Satellite Business Systems
Schjeldahl, G.T., 38;
and G.T. Schjeldahl Company, 38, 51
Schulz, Charles, 261
SCORE (Signal Communication by Orbiting Relay Equipment satellite), xi, 51, 66
SDI (Space Defense Initiative), xiv
Seamans, Robert C., Jr., 106, 108, 184
Sebesta, Lorenza, 131
Servan-Schreiber, Jean Jacques, 139
Shain, Alex, 21
Silverstein, Abe, 104-105
Sinclair, John, 236
Singapore Telecom, 280
SITE (Satellite Instructional Television Experiment), xxvi-xxvii, 220-222, 224-226, 230-231;
see also India
Smith, Delbert D., 111
Smith, George O., 96
Solberg, Rear Adm. T.A., 14
Solow, Robert, 138
Soviet Union, 154, 181, 186-191, 220, 225, 230, 246-248, 251-252, 272-273, 277;
and Horizont, xxvii, 249;
and Intercosmos, 154, 246-247, 251, 254;
and Molniya, xxvii-xxviii, 246-247, 251;
and Statsionar, xxvii, 190-191, 247, 251, 253;
and Volna, 86,
see also Comsat, Soviet criticism of; Intelsat, Soviet criticism of; Intersputnik; Sputnik
Space Defense Initiative, see SDI
Space Electronics, 102
Spacelab, 134-135, 156
Space Technology Laboratories, see TRW
Sputnik, x-xi, 27, 37, 53, 95, 99, 124, 141, 198, 266-267
Stanford University, xiv;
and Stanford Research Institute, 114
Stans, Maurice H., 104, 106
Star TV (Satellite Television Asia Region), 228, 234-237
Stevens, Robertson, 44-45, 48-49
Stewart, Homer J., 102
St. Germain, Fernand J., 184
Stoller, Milton, 117
Stopford, Sir John, 27
STRATSAT, see Department of Defense
Stump, Admiral Felix B., 16
Swearingen, Daniel ("Dan"), 276
Symington, Stuart, 110
Symphonie, xxi, 131, 144, 149, 154, 230;
and Symphonie Telecommunications Experimental Project (STEP), 230-231
Syncom, xviii, xx, 55-56, 63, 68-69, 95, 103, 109, 111-112, 115-118, 120-121, 125-126, 267-268;
and Syncom 2, xi, 84

 

T
 
Taylor, A. Hoyt, 11
Telefunken, 4
Telstar, xi, xviii, xx, 39, 52-54, 81, 103, 109, 111-112, 115-117, 121, 123, 125, 159, 267
Thames, Gen. William M., 109
Thompson, H. Brian, 285
Thomson, John, 26
Thorneycroft, Peter, 161
Thuillier, Gen. Leslie de Malapert, 159
Tillotson, Leroy C., 103
TMI Communications, 202
Trexler, James H., 9-10, 12-15
TRW, 62, 69-70, 80, 86, 117, 123-124, 126, 203;
and Space Technology Laboratories (Ramo-Wooldridge), 29, 126, 182
 
U
 
United Nations, 175, 186-191, 223;
and International Maritime Consultative Organization, xxix, 270;
and UNESCO, 235
U.S. Air Force, xiv, xviii-xix, 22-23, 28, 30, 39, 42-43, 65-78, 88, 97, 99-100, 267;
and Cambridge Research Center, 23, 25;
and Cambridge Research Laboratories, xiv;
and Satellite Control Network, 70;
and Space and Missile Systems Organization (SAMSO), 67, 69;
and Space Command, 72;
and Space Systems Division (successor to SAMSO), 69;
see also U.S. Army Air Forces
U.S. Army, 66, 70-71, 73, 102;
and Air Forces, 97;
and Evans Signal Laboratory, xv;
and Project Barnstable, 80;
and Signal Corps, xv, 12, 21, 23
U.S. Commerce Department, 140
U.S. Information Agency, 115
U.S. Justice Department, 110, 173, 176
U.S. Navy, 5, 66, 71, 73, 88, 91, 96-97, 100, 274-275, 277;
and Naval Research Laboratory (NRL), xv, xvi, 9, 11, 14-16, 24, 39, 88, 104;
and Solrad satellites, 88;
and Sugar Grove facility, 15
U.S. Space Command, 72-73
U.S. State Department, 106, 110, 115, 120, 139, 140, 142, 147, 149, 151-152, 172-176, 178, 220, 277
 
V
 
Victor, Walter, 44-45, 48-49
Vietnam War, 65, 68-69
Viterbi, Andrew, 280
 
W
 
Webb, James E., 96, 106-109, 139, 146-147, 189
Wedgewood-Benn, Anthony, 143
Welch, Leo D., 114, 120, 172-176
Welsh, Dr. Edward C., 109-110, 149, 185
West Germany, 121-122, 133-135, 144-146, 154, 156;
and Messerschmitt-Bolkow-Bohm (MBB), 210-211;
see also Helios, Symphonie
Western Union International, xiii, 3, 6, 97, 122, 271, 275;
and WESTAR, xx
White, Frank, 268
Whitehead, Clay T., 151-152
Whitney, Herbert, 25
Wiesner, Dr. Jerome B., 105, 173
Williams, Donald D., 100-102, 116, 121, 124
Wood, William ("Bill"), 275
World Series, 245
Wright, V. Orville, 285-286
 
Y
 
Yarborough, Ralph, 113
Young, Leo, 11

 

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