SP-4221 The Space Shuttle Decision

 

INDEX
 
 
 
- A -
 

Aerojet General Corp., 16, 24, 48, 80, 106

SSME, 249, 255, 266
Solid rockets, 45, 46, 353
Aeronautics and Astronautics Coordinating Board (NASA-USAF), 83-84, 201
Aerophysics Laboratory (NAA), 24
Aerospace Corp., 54, 264, 267, 277-279, 357
aerospace industry, 291, 292, 395
Aerospaceplane, 78-79, 82
Agenda rocket stage, 194, 197, 227
Agnew, Spiro, 125-126, 167, 170
background, 144-145
supports Mars flight, 126, 145-146, 148, 150, 165-166, 178
Air Force:
and CIA, 58, 194, 195, 197, 205, 214, 216, 259
high-speed flight, 25, 28, 30-32, 33, 36-39, 78-79
lifting bodies, 40-41
missiles, postwar, 17, 18, 19, 22, 24, 26, 45-46, 61
and NASA, 83-84, 132-133, 199-202, 215, 224-225
rocket engine research, 235-236, 239
space shuttle studies, 83-84, 116, 117, 210-213, 331, 331-332
sonic boom research, 309-310
See also Dyna-Soar; Manned Orbiting Laboratory
Air Force officials:
Crotty, Maj. Patrick, 232
Estes, Lieut. Gen. Howell, 54
Hall, Lt. Col. Edward, 17, 20, 45
Putt, Maj. Gen. Donald, 22
Roth, Col. M. S., 19
Schriever, Maj. Gen. Bernard, 45, 54, 115
Steelman, Lt. Col. Donald, 66
Yarymovych, Michael, 215; quoted, 216
Zuckert, Eugene, 54
See also Hansen; Seamans
Allen, H. Julian (NACA), 26, 29, 35-36, 206
Allen, William (Boeing), 300, 301, 302, 303, 307
American Airlines, Inc., 252-253, 319
Kolk, Frank, 319
American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 142-144
Newbauer, John, 98
Anderson, Sen. Clinton, 95, 178, 203, 423-424, 426, 427; quoted, 178
Apollo program, 25, 63, 64, 100, 101, 102, 112, 136, 154-155, 158-159, 174, 176, 186, 206, 224, 229, 253
Apollo 7, 73, 113
Apollo 8, 66, 113-114, 126, 147
Apollo 9, 125-126
Apollo 11, 66, 145-146, 147, 389-390
Apollo 13, 113n, 431
Apollo 16, 366
Apollo 17, 186, 270, 271, 366
lunar module, 112, 113, 125-126, 227
Apollo Applications Program, 62-66, 64, 67, 98, 99, 101, 102, 103, 138-139, 189, 434
Apollo Telescope Mount, 63, 65
wet vs. dry workshop, 65-66, 67
See also Skylab
Armstrong, Neil, 35, 187
Army, 18, 23, 24, 43
Lemnitzer, Gen. Lyman, 153-154
Army Air Forces, 14
ASSET (hypersonic research vehicle), 36-37, 41, 53, 210, 221
Astro launch vehicle concept, 80
Astronauts:
Anders, William, 113, 382, 408, 422
Armstrong, Neil, 35, 187
Borman, Frank, 113, 126
Chaffee, Roger, 100
Grissom, Gus, 100
Lovell, James, 113
Schmitt, Harrison, 186
White, Ed, 100
astronomy in space, 2, 8, 63, 71, 423
Astroplane launch vehicle concept, 80
Astrorocket launch vehicle concept, 80-81
Atlas rocket, 92
for space flight, 25, 37, 197, 199, 399
as ICBM, 24, 45, 50, 196
Atomic Energy Commission, 94, 105, 108, 394, 423-424
Seaborg, Glenn, 125
automated checkout, in airliners, 88-89, 252-253
aviation, commercial, 84-85, 260, 292-293, 295, 318, 328
See also Boeing 727; Boeing 747; Concorde; Lockheed L-1011; Pan American; SST; Trippe aviation in Europe, 305. See also Concorde
 
- B -
 

B-52 bomber, 40-41, 193

B-58 bomber, 210, 310
Becker, John, 27, 28, 29, 30, 32, 35
Bell Aircraft Corp., 27, 30, 49, 50
Woods, Robert, 27
Bellcomm, 136-137, 139, 146
Bell Telephone Laboratories, 56-57, 214
Boyle, William, 214
Pierce, John, 57
Smith, George, 214
Bissell, Richard (CIA), 193, 194; quoted, 193, 284-285
Boeing Company, 50, 51, 70
aviation, 295, 297, 300-301, 302-303, 311, 318, 327-328
Connelly, Bruce, 298
Haynes, Hal, 303
Space shuttle studies, 224, 265, 267, 348-349, 351-352, 416-417, 418-419
Sutter, Joseph, 295, 296-297
See also Allen; Boeing 747; SST; Steiner Boeing 747, 295-302, 304, 319, 328
design of, 295-297, 301-302
engines, 296, 298, 301-302
Bollay, William, 15, 16-17
Bonestell, Chesley, 3, 5, 56
magazine covers, 4, 57
Borman, Frank, 113, 126
Bossart, Karel, 26
Branscomb, Lewis, quoted, 131
Bristol Siddeley, 305, 306
British Aircraft Corp., Ltd., 305, 306
Bureau of the Budget, 63-65, 109-110, 114, 121-123, 203, 204, 269
discounted dollars, in analyses, 170, 255-259
as federal institution, 159, 177, 269
Gordon, Kermit, 203
Rhode, Earl, 263
Schlesinger, James, 159, 161
See also Mayo; Office of Management and Budget
Bussard, Robert, 105
 
- C -
 
C-5A transport, 294-295, 297, 320-321, 323
C-47 aircraft ("Gooney Bird"), 40, 41
California Institute of Technology, 43, 119, 123
Cape Canaveral, 198, 200-201, 202, 214, 215, 275-277, 425, 426-427
Vehicle Assembly Building, 275, 276, 297, 427
Caravelle airliner, 305
Castenholz, Paul, 24, 25, 240-243, 272; quoted, 242, 243, 248
Centaur rocket, 48-49, 135, 235
Central Intelligence Agency, 50, 58, 191, 192, 193-196, 198, 225
Helms, Richard, 204
Lundahl, Arthur, 194-195
Wheelon, Albert, 273
See also Bissell; Discoverer; reconnaissance
Charyk, Joseph, 51
China, 22, 153
Chairman Mao, quoted, 81
Chrysler Corp., 266, 267
civil rights movement:
Abernathy, Ralph, 151-152
Brown v. Board of Education, 156
Connor, Eugene "Bull," 157
Hamer, Fannie Lou, quoted, 157-158
King, Martin Luther, 151, 152, 157
Warren, Earl, 156
Civil War, 152, 157, 159
Clarke, Arthur C., 4, 11, 57, 187; quoted, 55-56
Clauser, Francis, quoted, 119, 245
Cleaver, Arthur, quoted, 190
Cold War, 3-4, 153-155
Castro, Fidel, 155
See also Reconnaissance; Soviet Union
Collier's magazine (series on space flight), 2-4, 5, 6, 11, 12, 56, 57, 127
Manning, Gordon, 2, 3
Ryan, Cornelius, 2-3
Comet airliner, 305
communications satellites, 8, 55-56, 57, 135, 226, 277, 286
Pierce, John, 57
Concorde airliner, 305-307, 328-329
background of, 304-306
engine, 305
Congress, 158, 204, 330, 362
and NASA budget, 65, 101, 177-186, 189-190, 230-231, 329
and SST, 313-318
and Lockheed L-1011, 326-327, 329
See also House of Representatives; Senate
Conquest of Space, The (George Pal film), 5, 11
Conrad, Paul, 316, 317
Cosenza, Charles, 36, 210
 
- D -
 
Dassault, Marcel, 305
David, Edward, 362, 382, 393, 400, 406, 409, 410, 422
Day, Leroy, 131-132, 134-135, 139, 233; quoted, 368
de Gaulle, Charles, 306
de Havilland, Sir Geoffrey, 305
De Lauer, Richard, 272
Delta launch vehicle, 25, 85, 277, 399, 419
Democratic Party, 326, 413
Westwood, Jean, quoted, 427-428
Die Rakete zu den Planetenraumen (Oberth): quoted, 7-9
discounted dollars, 255-256
Discoverer reconnaissance satellites, 58, 59, 194-196, 284-285
resolution, 195, 197
achievements, 197, 198
Disney, Walt, 5, 11
Domestic Council, 268-269
Donlan, Charles, 34, 233, 270, 361, 375-376, 401-402, 403; quoted, 357, 377, 410
Dornberger, Walter, 27, 28, 30; quoted, 92-93
Douglas Aircraft Co., 69, 80, 85, 204, 227
Bono, Philip, 92
Douglas Skyrocket, 25-26, 30-31
Drew, Russell, 124, 143, 148-149, 164, 167, 362
DuBridge, Lee, 123-124, 125, 126, 136, 142, 144, 148, 150, 164-165, 192, 362
Dyna-Soar, 49-54, 52, 80-81, 203, 205, 221
 
- E -
 
Economists:
Arrow, Kenneth, 315
Burns, Arthur, 123, 176-177
Friedman, Milton, 283, 315
Galbraith, John Kenneth, 315
Heller, Walter, 315
Leontief, Wassily, 315
Okun, Arthur, 315
Samuelson, Paul, 315
Wallich, Henry, 315
Edwards Air Force Base, 39-40, 41, 51, 201, 248, 310
Bikle, Paul, 40
Eggers, Alfred, 27, 35-36, 206
Ehrlichman, John, 173, 176, 189, 269, 383, 393, 395, 404, 411-412, 414; quoted, 165-166, 389, 392, 414, 415
Eisenhower, Dwight, 153, 154, 156, 192, 193, 194
electronics, 55, 56-58, 68
charge-coupled devices, 214, 225
engines, 6, 12, 19-20. See also rocket (several entries); ramjets; turbofans
environmental movement, 311-312, 318, 394
Brower, David, 312
Exploration of Space, The (Clarke), 4
 
- F -
 
F-100 fighter, 26, 305
FAA, 307, 308, 309, 310, 311, 318
Faget, Maxime, 34-35, 206-207, 221, 232
space shuttle concept, 208-213, 217-223, 224, 233-234, 337, 401
and external tanks, 341-344, 342-343, 346, 351, 415-416
foreshadows final shuttle design, 343, 344
Fairey Delta FD-2, 305
Ferri, Antonio, 78, 79
Flanigan, Peter, 159, 165, 175-176, 177, 188-189, 273, 383, 385, 395, 400-401, 404, 406, 409, 411, 413, 422
Flax, Alexander, 363, 369-372, 373, 381, 382
Fletcher, James: quoted, 350, 402, 403, 404
background, 272-273
meets with Nixon, 408, 411-413
and NERVA, 424
and space shuttle, 350, 351, 363-364, 369, 380-381, 383, 384, 387, 400, 402-406, 408-411, 414, 422, 423
Shuttle contractor selection, 428, 429, 430-431, 432
Fubini, Eugene, 369, 382
 
- G -
 
Gardner, Trevor, 32, 192
Garrett AiResearch, 77
Garwin, Richard, quoted, 314
Gemini program, 48, 53, 129-130, 203, 206, 253
Big G, 129-130, 289, 370, 383-384, 385
General Accounting Office, 243
Staats, Elmer, 244, 433-434
General Dynamics Corp. (Convair), 26, 75, 77, 82, 90, 92, 220, 222, 227
Triamese, 89-90, 91, 118, 218, 219-220
shuttle studies of 1970-1971, 224
General Electric Co., 111, 188, 293, 296-305, 311
Parker, Jack, 188
Gilpatric, Roswell, 195, 199
Gilruth, Robert, 28, 34-35, 72, 98, 187, 232; quoted, 128-129
Goddard, Robert, 6-7
Grand Tour (planetary m ission), 392
Grumman Aerospace Corp., 227, 264-265, 267, 434
Mead, Lawrence, 337
space shuttle, contract competition, 428, 430-431
space shuttle studies, 337-341, 339, 344, 348, 354, 356, 374, 375
 

- H -

 

Haber, Heinz, 3

Halaby, Najeeb, 306, 308
Hansen, Grant, 133, 215, 216, 224, 226
Haughton, Daniel, 319-321, 323-326, 360
Hayden Planetarium, 2
Coles, Robert, 2
heat sink (thermal protection), 30, 32, 349, 355, 356, 358
Heath, Prime Minister Edward, 322, 323-324
Heiss, Klaus, 281, 359, 373, 376-377, 410
Hilton hotels, 94, 246
historians, quoted:
Benson, Charles, 65
Catton, Bruce, 157
Compton, David, 65
Hunley, John, 11
Horwitch, Mel, 310
Koppes, Clayton, 285
Logsdon, John, 103, 114
Newhouse, John, 301
Richelson, Jeffrey, 58, 204
White, Theodore, 414
Holloman Air Force Base, 426
Hornig, Donald, 96, 203
hot structures, 30, 32, 34, 36-37, 38-39, 52, 53, 221, 248, 349
for space shuttle, 221-222, 333-336, 340, 346, 348-349, 357
See also heat sink; Inconel; thermal protection
House of Representatives, members:
Clawson, Del, 432
Fulton, James, 424
Fuqua, Don, quoted, 182, 362
Koch, Edward, quoted, 182
Miller, George, 182; quoted, 178
Patman, Wright, 326
Roudebush, Richard, quoted, 182
Yates, Sidney, 317
See also Karth; Teague
Hunter, Max, 85-86, 88, 89, 207, 245-246, 247
hypersonic flight, 26-33, 34, 35-39, 50, 51, 53
crossrange, 37-38, 213, 216-217
 

- I -

 
ICBMs, 26, 27, 45, 58, 194-197
Inconel metals, 30, 32, 34, 335
Institute for Defense Analyses, 363, 375
Brady, George, 375-376
Finke, Reinald, 375
Integral Launch and Reentry Vehicles, 92, 117
 

- J -

 

Jet Propulsion Laboratory, 43, 123, 272, 285

Dunn, Louis, 272
Pickering, William, 285
Ranger lunar program, 285
Johnson, Clarence "Kelly," 31, 192
Johnson, Lyndon, 100, 114, 156, 158, 194; quoted, 101, 191
and space program, 64-65, 94-97, 101, 191, 203
and SST, 306, 307-308
 

- K -

 

Karth, Congressman Joseph, 180-182; quoted, 178, 181, 182

Kartveli, Alexander, 78
Kennedy, John F., 157; quoted, 154, 307, 390-391
and Apollo, 59, 152, 390-391
and civil rights, 156, 157
and Cold War, 130-131, 152-156, 195
and SST, 306, 307
Killian, James, 192
King, Martin Luther, 151, 152, 157
Kissinger, Henry, 173-174, 204-205, 269
Kiwi nuclear rocket, 105-108
Korean War, 22, 153
Kryter, Karl, quoted, 310
Kubrick, Stanley, 11
 

- L -

 

Land, Edwin, 192

Lang, Fritz, 9
Lapp, Ralph, 259
Ley, Willy, 1-2, 3, 4, 5, 9
lifting bodies, 35-36, 37-42, 89
Peterson, Bruce, 41
Reed, R. Dale, 39-40
as space shuttles, 80, 82, 88-89, 207-208, 209, 218, 220, 337
Thompson, Milt, 40
HL-10, 40, 41, 218
M2-F1, 38, 39-40, 41
M2-F2, 38, 40, 41
X-24A, 39, 40
X-24B, 41, 42
Lilly, William, 404-405, 422; quoted, 404, 409
Lincoln, Abraham, 152
Lindbergh, Charles, 315
Lindley, Robert, 259-264, 274-275, 376
Lockheed Aircraft Corp., 31, 82, 85, 218, 220, 221
C-5A, 294, 320-321, 323, 360
Johnson, Clarence "Kelly," 31, 192
L-1011 airliner, 323, 324-327, 329-330
Root, Eugene, 85
Shuttle contract competition, 428
shuttle studies, 1970-1972: 224, 264, 265-266, 267, 278, 354, 356, 360, 419
solid-fuel rockets, 46, 353, 419, 422
Space Shuttle, final design foreshadowed, 222, 331
Star-Clipper concept, 88-89, 118, 206, 207, 210, 218, 220, 265, 336-337
See also Haughton; Hunter; SR-71
Lockheed L-1011, 319-327
and DC-10, 319, 326, 327
engines, 320, 321-323, 326
Lord Carrington, 324
Lord Cole, 322, 323
Los Angeles Times, 79
Conrad, Paul, 316, 317
Miles, Marvin, 79
Low, George, 112, 267-268, 372; quoted, 382-383, 424
and budgets, 270-271, 331
and contractor selections, 428, 430, 431, 432, 434
and space shuttle, 270-271, 289, 366-367, 383-384, 385-386, 387, 396, 397, 400, 402-403, 405-406, 407-408, 409-411, 418, 422, 426-427
 

- M -

 

MacLeish, Archibald, quoted, 147

Magruder, William, quoted, 313
New Technology Opportunities Program, 393, 410
SST, 313, 330
Manhattan Project, 3
Man in Space (Disney), 5, 11
Manned Orbiting Laboratory (USAF), 64, 203-205, 214
Manned Orbiting Module (NASA), 127
Marquardt Co., 77
Mars: automated missions, 98, 99, 101-102, 176, 181-182, 285
Mars: piloted missions, 3, 5, 60, 70-71, 120, 126, 138, 140, 165
and BoB, 171
and Congress, 178, 181-182, 216, 424
engines for, 94-95, 105. See also NERVA
as NASA goal, 96, 98, 101, 137-138, 142, 146-147, 149-150, 164, 166, 167, 180, 425
Martin Marietta Corp. (also Martin Aircraft Co.):
LeVine, David, 352
lifting bodies, 37, 40, 41
space shuttle, 80-81, 118, 224, 352, 367, 434
Titan launch vehicles, 49, 86
See also Titan
Mathematica, Inc.:
recommends TAOS, 378-379
See also Heiss; Morgenstern
Mayo, Robert:
director, Budget Bureau, 121, 159, 204-205, 259, 269
and NASA budget, 121-123, 160, 161, 163-164, 170, 174-175, 177
and space shuttle, 262-263, 274
and Space Task Group, 125, 148, 164-165, 173
McCurdy, Richard, 412, 428-429; quoted, 430, 431, 432
McDonnell Aircraft Corp., 36, 89, 227
McDonnell Douglas Corp., 89, 218, 219, 220, 222, 319, 434
McDonnell, Sanford, 432
shuttle contract competition, 428, 429-430
shuttle studies, 1970-1972: 224, 226-227, 253, 255, 266, 332-336, 335, 341, 348, 349-350, 354, 356, 374, 419
space station studies, 227-228, 229, 230
Tip Tank concept, 89, 90, 118, 207, 218
Yardley, John, 332, 348, 416
McNamara, Robert, 53-54, 195, 203, 213, 286, 293, 308
and SST, 308
Meany, George (AFL-CIO), 317; quoted, 269
Mercury piloted spacecraft, 36, 206
missiles:
Jupiter, 24, 196
Minuteman, 44, 45-46, 61, 196
MX-770, 16, 18-19
Polaris, 44, 45, 196
R-7 (Soviet ICBM), 195, 196-197
Redstone, 22-24
See also Atlas; Navaho; Thor; Titan; V-2
Mondale, Senator Walter, 183, 184, 231, 329; quoted, 183
moon: automated missions, 99, 112-113, 285
moon: piloted missions, 3, 5, 59-60, 70, 99, 140, 150, 155
See also Apollo
Morgenstern, Oskar, 264, 377, 409
MORL space station concept, 69-70, 72, 126-127, 129
Morrow, Ian, 322
Mudd, Henry, 428
Mueller, George, 61-62, 98, 112, 119, 133, 179, 272; quoted, 92-94, 246
and Apollo Applications, 62-66, 102, 200, 203, 204
and post-Apollo future, 136-141, 146, 148, 149, 167, 170, 189, 423, 434
and space shuttle, 86, 92-94, 116, 117, 131-132, 133-134, 215, 224, 246, 251
Myers, Dale, 25, 189, 223, 233, 270, 272; quoted, 179-180
and space shuttle, 179-180, 224, 226, 229, 234, 351, 368, 387, 400, 405, 407, 421-422, 426, 428
 

- N -

 

NACA (National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics), 25, 27, 28-29, 30, 31-32, 33

Ames Aeronautical Laboratory, 35-36
Dryden, Hugh, 32
Langley Aeronautical Laboratory, 27-28, 34-35, 206
Pilotless Aircraft Research Division (Langley), 28, 34, 206
Thompson, Floyd, 27-28,