[165] Odysseus, Aeneas, Launcelot, Aladdin, Roland -names of features on the Saturnian satellites bring to mind some of the best-known myths and epics of European literature. Other names, such as Izanagi, Bumba, Xamba, and Yu-ti, are equally recognizable to Asian, African, or South American audiences. These and other names for features discriminated by the Voyager mission cameras are the persons and places memorialized in the epic stories and legends of ethnic groups throughout the world.

In naming the features on the Saturnian satellites, the Working Group for Planetary System Nomenclature within the International Astronomical Union (IAU) has expanded the mythological theme first used on the Jovian satellites. On the Saturnian satellites, however, the features bear names derived from the great epics and legends of the world. The convention of naming a prominent feature on each satellite for the discoverer of the satellite, developed for the satellites of Jupiter, also has been continued, wherever possible, at Saturn. Thus, the enormous crater on Mimas is named for William Herschel, famous astronomer and musician, who discovered the satellite in 1789. The extensive, dark, apparently featureless area on Iapetus is named Cassini Regio for Giovanni Cassini, who found this satellite in 1672. Hyperion's prominent ridge bears a double name, Bond-Lassell Dorsum, to honor the unusual circumstance of its discovery by William and George Bond, and by William Lassell, on the same night in 1848. Discoverers of Janus and Epimetheus are not honored on these satellites because they are both still living, and the IAU does not allow commemorative names for living persons on planetary bodies. Other satellites photographed by Voyager do not bear their discoverer's name on a feature because of another IAU constraint that duplication of names should be avoided: Cassini discovered Tethys, Dione, and Rhea as well as Iapetus, and Herschel discovered Enceladus as well as Mimas. Instead, prominent features are named for important places in the appropriate epics or legends: Ithaca (home of Odysseus), Latium (Aeneas' promised land), Kun Lun (Chinese promised land) Chasma, and Bassorah Fossae (town from which Sindbad left on his third voyage) on Tethys, Dione, Rhea, and Enceladus, respectively.

In some cases, the nationality of the epic is matched to the nationality of the discoverer. Names on Dione are taken from the great Roman epic, the Aeneid of Virgil; names derived from the great -some think the greatest - epic of all time, Homer's Odyssey, are found on Tethys; and names from the French Song of Roland, the great medieval story of a battle of Charlemagne, are found on Iapetus. Because the cultures of the East have not produced an epic of worldwide renown, a majority of the features on Rhea were assigned names from far-Eastern legends and myths. Other features were named from African, South American, or Oceanic legends. In this way, the strong European bias of names on the other satellites is offset. In some cases, the theme for naming features is determined by the satellite name or position: Hyperion, the Sun god, displays names of other Sun and Moon gods; the satellites that share a common orbit, Janus and Epimetheus, display names taken from the Greco-Roman myth about the twins, Castor and Pollux.

Mankind has always expressed by myth, epic, and legend its concern with the basic questions concerning man's place in the universe. It is fitting [166] that names that embody these questions are now memorialized as names of mountains, craters, and plains on the planetary bodies.

Table E-1 contains many of the approved names (IAU, 1983) that have been assigned to features on the Saturnian satellites. Positions are shown in degrees of longitude and latitude as they are positioned on the maps in this atlas. Southern latitudes are shown as negative, and all longitudes are west of the prime meridian. The coordinates will be improved when final maps are made.

Type and name of feature	Origin of name	Longitude degrees	Latitude degrees
.
MIMAS Names from Baines' (1962) translation of Malory's Le Morte d'Arthur.
.
Craters:
.
Accolon	Companion of Arthur; tricked into jousting with Arthur	166	-68
Arthur	King of the Round Table assemblage	190	-35
Balin	Knight of "matchless courage and virtue"	82	22
Ban	King of Benwick; father of Sir Launcelot	149	47
Bedivere	Arthurian knight	145	10
Bors	King of Gaul; father of Sir Ector de Marys, Sir Bors, and Sir Lyonel; godfather of Sir Blamoure and Sir Bleobris	165	45
Dynas	A knight of the Round Table	75	8
Elaine	Daughter of King Pelles; lover of Sir Launcelot; and mother, by Launcelot, of Sir Galahad	102	44
Gaheris	Older son of King Lot; killed by Sir Launcelot in his rescue of Gwynevere from burning at the stake	287	-46
Galahad	Bastard son of Launcelot and Elaine; sinless and invincible, he went on the quest for the Holy Grail	135	-47
Gareth	Youngest son of King Lot; killed by Sir Launcelot in his rescue of Gwynevere	280	-44
Gawain	Eldest son of King Lot; Arthur's favorite cousin	254	-60
Gwynevere	Queen; wife of Arthur; lover of Launcelot	312	-12
Herschel (William)	1738-1822; German-British astronomer who discovered Mimas and Enceladus in 1789	104	00
Igraine	Wife of Uther; Mother of Arthur	225	-40
Iseult	Loved by Tristram	35	-48
Kay	Royal seneschal at Arthur's court	116	48
Lamerok	Pellinore's son; sent testing horn to King Mark to expose adultery of Sir Tristram	283	-65
Launcelot	King Arthur's favorite; champion and lover of Queen Gwynevere	317	-10
Lot	Leader of the rebel kings of the North and West; married Margawse and fathered Sir Gawain, Sir Aggravayne, Sir Gaheris, and Sir Gareth; killed in the battle of Terrabyl by King Pellinore; his death avenged by Sir Gawain	227	-30
Mark	King of Cornwall	297	- 28
Merlin	Magician and prophet; son of the devil; Arthur's mentor	215	- 38
Modred	Arthur's bastard son and mortal enemy; delivered fatal wound to Arthur but was also killed by him	213	5
Morgan	Arthur's half sister; enchantress; plotted to destroy Arthur but failed	240	25
Palomides a	Saracen enemy of Tristram	157	4
Pellinore	A king whose duty it was to pursue the "questing beast" (a mythical creature with the head of a serpent, body of a leopard, buttocks of a lion, and the feet of a hart), and either run it to earth or lose his strength	128	35
Percivale	Very pure knight; went on the quest for the Holy Grail	171	- 1
Tristram	Saved Iseult; fell in love with her	26	- 58
Uther	Ruler of all Britain; Arthur's father	244	- 35
.
Chasma:
Avalon	Arthurian paradise	160 to 120	20 to 57
Camelot	Home of the Round Table assemblage	0 to 45	-25 to -60
Oeta	Mountain in Greece; was shaken by a Titan in the war between Titans and Olympians	130 to 105	10 to 35
Ossa	Mt. Ossa was piled on Mt. Pelion in the war between the Titans and the Gods	305 to 280	- 10 to -30
Pangea	Mountain picked up by a Titan in the war with the Gods	340 to 290	-25 to -55
Pelion	Mountain on which Mt. Ossa was piled in war between the Titans and the Gods	235 to 200	-20 to -25
Tintagil	Home of Igraine, Arthur's mother	235 to 190	-43 to -60

Type and name of feature	Origin of name	Longitude, degrees	Latitude, degrees
ENCELADUS Most names from Burton's (1899-1901) The Thousand Nights and a Night
.
Craters
Ahmad	Youngest son; brought father a magic apple	304	58
Aladdin	Hero of the tale of "Aladdin, or, the Wonderful Lamp"	17	63
Ali Baba	Hero of the tale of "All Baba and the Forty Thieves"; found a great treasure owned by 40 thieves	11	55
Dalilah	Crafty old crone who fooled a series of men in the tale of "The Rogueries of Dalilah and Her Daughter Zaynab"	244	53
Duban	Sage who cured King Yunan of leprosy and waspoisoned by the King by a trick in the tale of "The Wazir and the Sage Duban"	276	58
Dunyazad	Sister of Shahrazad (means "world freer" inPersian)	200	43
Gharib	Hero of many tales	245	81
Julnar	"The Seaborn"; mermaid heroine of story told on nights 738 to 756	340	54
Musa	Went to get the vessels that contain Jinni in "The City of Brass"	3	73
Peri-Banu	Genie who married Ahmad and helped him fulfill the demands of his father in the tale of "Prince Ahmad and Peri-Banu"	315	63
Salih b	Brother of Julnar	-6	0
Samad	Shayk who guided Musa and Talib to the mountains in "The City of Brass"	353	61
Shahrazad	Daughter of Wazir who told king Shahryar thetales of a thousand nights and a night to keep from being killed (means "city freer" in Persian)	200	49
Shahryar	King whom Shahrazad beguiled with the tales of a housand nights and a night	222	58
Sindbad	Voyager who had many marvelous adventures on 7 voyages in "Sindbad the Seaman"	210	66
Fossa:
Bassorah	Town from which Sindbad embarked on his 3d voyage	23 to 345	40 to 50
Daryabar	"Ocean region" land from which princess Daryabar (Kudadad's wife) came in the tale of "Khudadad and His Brothers"	20 to 335	5 to 10
Isbanir	Fakir Taj's home; may be ancient Ctesiphon	0 to 350	20 to -10
Planitia:
Diyar	Country where Khudadad's father ruled in the tale of "Khudadad and His Brothers"	250	0
Sarandib	Ceylon, the island visited by Sindbad on his 6th voyage	300	5
Sulci:
Harran	City where Khudadad's father ruled in tale of "Khudadad and His Brothers"	270 to 210	35 to -5
Samarkand	Country ruled over by Zaman, brother of Shahryar	300 to 340	75 to -5

Type and name of feature	Origin of name	Longitude, degrees	Latitude, degrees
CO-ORBITAL SATELLITES: EPIMETHEUS AND JANUS c Names from Greek and Gemini myths (Graves, 1955).
.
Epimetheus (1980S3; S11)
.
Craters:
Hilairea	Wife of Pollus	-	-
Pollus	Latin name for Polydeukes, Castor's twin	-	-

Type and name of feature	Origin of name	Longitude, degrees	Latitude, degrees
Janus (1980S01; S10)
.
Craters:
Castor	One of the Dioskuroi; Pollux's twin tamer of horses	.	.
Idas	Twin of Lynceus, cousin of Gemini	.	.
Lynceus	Twin of Idas, cousin of Gemini	.	.
Phoibe	Daughter of Leukippos	.	.

Type and name of feature	Origin of name	Longitude, degrees	Latitude, degrees
TETHYS Most names from The Odyssey of Homer (Bates, 1900).
.
Craters:
.
Ajax	Greek hero second only to Achilles; met by Odysseus in the underworld	285	-30
Anticleia	Mother of Odysseus	38	55
Antinous	Chief of the wooers of Penelope; slain by Odysseus	265	-62
Arete b	Wife of Alcinous (King of Phaeacia); mother of Nausicaa	300	-4
Circe	Changed Odysseus' companions into swine	49	-8
Elpenor	Follower of Odysseus	268	54
Eumaeus	Faithful swineherd who greeted Odysseus, gave warm cloak, and guided him to palace	47	27
Eurycleia	Faithful old nurse of Odysseus	247	56
Laertes	Father of Odysseus	60	-50
Melanthius	Disloyal goatherd; insulted Odysseus; was slain	204	-62
Mentor	Friend of Odysseus	39	3
Nausicaa	Daughter of Alcinous; advised Odysseus	352	80
Nestor	A wise old king of ancient Greece	58	-57
Odysseus	Hero of The Odyssey	130	30
Penelope	Faithful wife of Odysseus	252	-10
Phemius	Minstrel to the wooers of Penelope; spared by Odysseus	252	-10
Polyphemus	Cyclops who fought with Odysseus	285	-5
Teiresias	Aged prophet; Odysseus consulted him among the dead	5	62
Telemachus	Son of Odysseus	338	56
.
Chasma:
Ithaca	An Ionian island, home of Odysseus	338	56

Type and name of feature	Origin of name	Longitude, degrees	Latitude, degrees
DIONE Most names from The Aeneid of Virgil (Mandelbaum, 1972).
.
Craters:
Adrastus	King of Argos, one of the Seven against Thebes, and the only one to return alive	40	-64
Aeneas	Hero of The Aeneid; the son of Anchises and Venus and a member of the royal family of Troy; a secondary figure in the Iliad, which notes that "his might shall reign among the Trojans"; escaped to some place in Italy when Troy fell (according to early tradition)	47	26
Amita	Mother of Lavinia, Aeneas' wife	287	7
Anchises	Aeneas' father	63	-35
Antenor	Nephew of Priam, king of Troy; escaped the fall of Troy and reached Italy before Aeneas; founded Padua	8	-6
Butes	Famous boxer who had been defeated by Dares	50	68
Caieta	A nurse of Aeneas	80	-25
Cassandra	Daughter of Priam; she could foretell the future	242	-42
Catillus	Brother of Tiburtus and twin brother of Coras, the three brothers who founded the city of Tibur (on the Tiber River)	275	-1
Coras	Brother of Tiburtus and twin brother of Catillus; a founder of the city of Tibur and an ally of Turnus against Aeneas	268	3
Creusa	Daughter of Priam; first wife of Aeneas	78	48
Dido	Tyrian princess; also called Elissa; founded Carthage	15	-22
Halys	A Trojan defending Aeneas' camp against the Rutulian attack; killed by Turnus	45	-60
Ilia	Also known as Rhea Silvia; mother by the god Mars of Romulus and Remus, the founders of Rome	344	3
Italus	Ancient hero and eponymous ancestor of the Italians	76	-20
Latagus	Soldier of Aeneas	26	16
Lausus	Son of Mezentius; handsome, brave, and full of promise	23	38
Magus	King of the Rutulians; Aeneast rival for the hand of Lavinia	24	20
Massicus	An Etruscan ally of Aeneas	52	36
Palinurus b	Pilot of Aeneas' fleet	62	-5
Remus	Brother of Romulus, cofounder of Rome	30	-10
Ripheus	A Trojan; fought at the side of Aeneas during Troy's last night	29	-56
Romulus	Mythical cofounder of Rome in 754 or 753 B.C., son of Mars by Ilia (Rhea Silvia)	24	-8
Sabinus	Fabled ancestor of the Sabines	190	-44
Turnus	Rutulian king; Aeneast rival for hand of Lavinia	342	21
Chasma:
Larissa	A town in Thessaly, Achilles' native region	15 to 65	20 to 48
Latium	The Trojans' promised land in Italy, supposedly so named because Saturn was "hidden" (or "latent") there	64 to 75	3 to 45
Palatine	One of the seven hills of Rome	75 to 300	-55 to -73
Tibur	Ancient town of Italy not far from Rome on the river of the same name	60 to 80	48 to 80
Linea:
Carthage	An Etruscan city thought to have been founded by colonists from the city of Pisa in Elis, Greece, which stood on the River Alpheus	337 to 310	20 to 10
Padua	City in northern Italy founded by Antenor	245 to 190	5 to -40
Palatine	One of the seven hills of Rome	285 to 320	10 to -55

RHEA Names are characters and places from creation myths selected from various cultures around the world; Asian names were emphasized.
.
Craters:
Aananin	Korean god of the heavens	330	39
Adjua	Mythical heroine and ancestor of the Ulci tribe (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics)	126	46
Agunua	San Cristobal (Melanesia) god who made sea, land, and people	65	70
Ameta	Ceram (Indonesia) ancestor whose blood made Hainuwele	14	59
Arunaka	Inca creator of all things	21	-14
Atum	Old creator god of Heliopolos; became son of Ptah (primal Egyptian god)	0	-45
Bulagat	Mythological ancestor of the Buriat tribe (Mon-golian people living near Lake Baikas)	14	-35
Bumba	Bushongo (Africa) god who dwelt in primordial waters; vomited up Sun, Moon, stars, animals, and men; showed man how to make fire from trees	40	70
Burkhan	Buriat (Siberia) god who created world	288	69
Con	South American (coastal) creator god	10	-24
Djuli	Ukrainian; first man -ancestor of the Neghidahan (Ukranian) people	46	-26
Ellyay	Yakutian (Soviet Far East) ancestor of the people	95	78
Faro	Mande (Africa); his sacrificial killing in heaven atoned for Pemba's sin; purified Earth; his parts became trees; sent back to Earth in an ark	121	52
Haik	Mythological ancestor of the Armenian people	27	- 34
Haoso	Manchurian creator of all things	8	9
Heller	Araucanian (South American) creator of men and bringer of civilization	310	9
Iraca	Incan creator god who became the Moon	120	45
Izanagi	Japanese creator god; brother and husband of Izanami	298	- 49
Izanami	Sister and wife of Izanagi; creator goddess of Japan	310	- 46
Jumo	Marijan (Russian people living near the Volga River) sky god	65	56
Karora	Aranda (Australia) ancestor who, in his dreams, gave birth to animals and male children	16	7
Khado	Nanajan (people living on the border between the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and China) mythological hero who built the world; first shaman	349	45
Kiho	Tuamotu (Society Islands) progenitor being; ex-isted in void; made land and sea	354	-10
Kumpara	Jivaro (Ecuador) creator god	321	11
Leza.	Tonga (Africa) god of heaven and nature	304	-19
Lowa	Marshall Islands (Melanesia) great creator god	9	45
Malunga	Yao (Bantu, Africa) first god; left Earth to live in sky when man was cruel to animals; creator god; progenitor god	49	74
Manoid	Negrito (Malay Peninsula) female progenitress goddess; wife of Pedn	2	33
Melo	Minyong (India) original human male	6	-51
Mubai	Tibetan god of heaven	11	61
Num	Samoyed god of heaven	93	23
Ormazd	Persian progenitor god of light	52	62
Pan Ku	Miao (aboriginal Chinese) creator of all things	115	72
Pedn	Negrito (Malay Peninsula) god who created first men	340	48
Oat	New Hebrides (Melanesia); born from a stone; formed men out of trees	347	23
Sholmo	Buriat (Siberia); devil who created harmful crea-tures of the world	340	13
Taaroa	Tahitian creator god; existed alone in the void	99	14
Thunupa	Inca creator of all things	15	51
Tika	Abkhaz (west of the Caucasus Mountains) supreme being	87	25
Tore d	Pygmy (Africa) lord of the world, creator of all things	335	1
Torom (Turm)	Ostya (Finno-Ugric people of Western Siberia) sky god	345	-68
Uku	Estonian supergod	115	85
Whanin	Korean creator of all things	121	74
Wuraka	Kakadu (Australia) ancestor of all people; a giant	357	28
Xamba	Bushman (Africa) supreme being, creator of all things	347	4
Xu (Huwe)	Bushman (Africa) creator	70	61
Yu -ti	"August personage of jade"; supreme primal Chinese god	85	55
Chasma:
Kun Lun	Mountain dwelling place of the immortals (Chi nese)	275 to 300	37 to 50
Pu Chou	Mountain attacked by Kung Chung; sky fell (Chinese)	85 to 115	10 to 35

HYPERION c Names of Sun and Moon gods.
.
Craters:
Bahloo 3	The Moon; maker of girl babies	.	.
Helios	Son of Hyperion; Greek Sun god	.	.
Jarilo	The god of the Sun and fertility (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics)	.	.
Meri	Bororo (southern Brazil) folk hero; the Sun	.	.
Dorsum:
Bond-Lassell	William and George Bond (American astronome and William Lassell (British astronomer) who discovered Hyperion on the same night in 1848	.	.

IAPETUS Names from The Song of Roland (Sayers, 1967).
.
Craters:
Almeric f	One of 12 peers; killed by Marsilion	274	53
Baligant	Emir of Babylon; Marsilion enlisted his help against Charlemagne, King of France	225	15
Basan	French baron; brother of Basilie; murdered with Basilie while serving as ambassador of Marsilion	197	30
Berenger	One of 12 peers; killed Estramarin; killed by Grandoyne	220	59
Besgun	Chief cook for Charlemagne's army; guarded Ganelon after Ganelon's treachery was dis-covered	296	72
Charlemagne	King of France; his forces conquered Spanish towns for 7 years	266	54
Geboin	Guarded French dead; became leader of Charle-magne's 2d column; killed by Baligant	175	56
Godefroy	Bearer of Charlemagne's gonfalcon; brother of Tierri, Charlemagne's defender against Pinabel	253	78
Grandoyne	Son of Cappadocian king Capuel; killed Gerin, Gerier, Berenger, Guy St. Antoine, and Duke Astorge, who were all allies of Charlemagne; killed by Roland	215	18
Hamon	Joint commander of Charlemagne's 8th division	271	10
Lordnt	French commander of one of first divisions against Baligant (enemy of Charlemagne), killed by Baligant	165	64
Marsilion	Saracen king of Spain; vassal of Emir Baligant; killed Bevon, Ivon, Ivor, and Gerard; returned to Sargasso when Roland cut off his hand; died of wound later	177	41
Milon	Guarded French dead while Charlemagne pursued Spanish forces	270	75
Ogier	Dane assigned to vanguard position in Charle-magne's army; later led 3d column against Bali-gant's forces	274	42
Oliver	Roland's friend; killed Falsarun, Justin, Climborin, and Alfayen (all enemies of Charlemagne); mortally wounded by Marganice, also an enemy of Charlemagne	203	61
Othon	One of 12 peers; guarded French dead while Charlemagne pursued Spanish forces; 6th column leader	344	24
Roland	Charlemagne's nephew; led rear guard of French forces; killed Chernubles, Adelroth, Valdebond, Grandoyne, and Faldron de Puys (all enemies of Charlemagne); last to die at the Roncevaux battleground	30	78
Turpin	Archbishop of Rheims; killed Siglorel, Corsablis, Abisme, and Maliquant, all enemies of Charle-magne	0	43
Regio:
Cassini	Italian-French astronomer (1625-1712) who discovered Iapetus in 1671, Rhea in 1672, and Tethys and Dione in 1684	210 to 340	55 to -48
Terra:
Roncevaux	Pass where Roland and his forces were ambushed by the Spaniards	300 to 130	90 to -30

a Rand control point 43.

b Rand control point 100.

c Coordinates of Epimetheus, Janus, and Hyperion have not yet been specified.

d Rand control point 65; too small to show on map; position marked by open cross.

e Rand control point 1.

f Rand control point 40.

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