¹ Minutes of 1st Meeting of the Technical Panel on Rocketry, 22 Jan 1955; interviews, Hugh Odishaw, 8 July 1966, Homer Newell, Jr., 18 July 1966, and Athelstan Spilhaus, 18 Dec 1967.

² See above, pp. 15-16.

³ Interview, Milton Rosen, 26 Feb 1964; NRL ltr, 4100-227, encl 1, 1955; ltr, Rosen to R. Cargill Hall, 28 Aug 1963, in re Hall's draft of "Origins … of the Vanguard and Explorer Satellite Programs," copy NHF.

⁴ Report of Subcommittee on Long-Playing Rocket, attached to Minutes, 2d Meeting, Technical Panel on Rocketry, 11 Feb 1955; Minutes, 3d Meeting 9 Mar 1955; interview, Athelstan F. Spilhaus, 18 Dec 1967.

⁵ Interviews, George Derbyshire, 15 Dec 1967, Athelstan F. Spilhaus, 18 Dec 1967, and Hugh Odishaw, 26 Dec 1967.

⁶ Ltr, Kaplan to Waterman and Bronk, 14 Mar 1955, IGY correspondence file, 1-9.

⁷ Ltr, Waterman to C. McL. Green, 15 July 1965, listing entries from his diary from March to August 1955; memo RD 57-3086, appendix 5, 25 Oct 1957 (S); Homer J. Stewart notes on draft manuscript, R. Cargill Hall, "Origins … of the Vanguard and Explorer Satellite Programs," March 1964; interview, Milton Rosen, 29 Aug 1966; NRL Report, "A Scientific Satellite Program," 13 Apr 1955.

⁸ Ltr, Kaplan to Waterman, 6 May 1955, USNC Executive Committee, Correspondence files; interviews, Waterman, 10 June 1965, and General Dwight D. Eisenhower, 6 Nov 1966; Minutes, 8th Meeting USNC, 18 May 1955.

⁹ Unless otherwise noted, the sources for the discussion in this paragraph and the rest of this chapter derive from privileged documents and interviews.

¹⁰ See White House release, "Statement by the President," 9 Oct 1957, p. 2.

¹¹ Ibid.

¹² Memo, Deputy Secretary/Defense to Secretary/Army, Secretary/Navy, Secretary/Air Force, 8 June 1955; interview Alan T. Waterman, 12 June 1965; Homer J. Stewart, notes on R. Cargill Hall's draft manuscript "Origins … of the Vanguard and Explorer Satellite Programs."

¹³ RD 263/9, appendixes E and F, 4 August 1955; interview, Hugh Odishaw, Executive Director, USNC, 1 Sept 1966; Milton Rosen diary, 7 July 1955.

¹⁴ Ltrs, Kaplan to Waterman, 6 June, to Odishaw, 18 July, and to Sydney Chapman, 26 July 1955; memo, Peary to Odishaw, 13 June 1955; National Science Foundation First 15 Years (see chapter 1, n. 40), p. 33; Waterman, diary entries, June and July, and ltr to Quarles, 17 June 1955.

¹⁵ Interview, Alan T. Waterman, 12 June 1965.

¹⁶ Interview, Alan T. Waterman, 10 June 1965; Secretary of Defense and National Academy and Science Foundation press releases, 29 July 1955.

¹⁷ New York Herald Tribune, 3 Aug 1955, ltr, Kaplan to Waterman, 12 Aug 1955, IGY correspondence files.