1. Much of this chapter is based of Report of Apollo 204 Review Board to the Administrator, National Aeronautics and Space Administration (Washington, 1967) -- Floyd L. Thompson, chairman, 5 April 1967, with appendixes A through G (hereafter cited at RARB). Also basic are Senate Committee on Aeronautical and Space Sciences, Apollo Accident: Hearings, 8 parts, 90th Cong., 1st and 2d sess., 7 Feb. 1967 to January 1968, and House Committee on Science and Astronautics, Subcommittee on NASA Oversight, Investigation into Apollo 204 Accident: Hearings, 3 vols., 90th Cong., 1st sess., 10 April to 10 May 1967. See also Senate Committee on Aeronautical and Space Sciences, Apollo 204 Accident: Report, 90th Cong., 2d sess., 30 Jan. 1968, S. Rept. 956.

2. RARB, pp. 4--1 to 4--8, and append. D, pp. D--6-1 to D-- 6--86.

3. Ibid.; Maj. Gen. John C. Shinkle, KSC to NASA Hq., Attn.: Dir. Apollo Prog., Your Request for Results of CSM 012 Altitude Chamber Testing," 19 Jan. 1967.

4. Douglas R. Broome, Jr., to Mgr., ASP0. "Communications Cables for Spacecraft 012 and Block II Spacecraft," 23 Jan. 1967; William J. Cromie, "Apollo's Crew Not Pleased with Craft," Houston Chronicle, 30 Jan. 1967; "Problem--Plagued Apollo Worried Grissom," Houston Post, 13 March 1967; Riley D. McCafferty, interview, Cocoa, Fla., 15 Nov. 1969.

5. RARB, append. B; "Apollo Tragedy Almost Claimed a Fourth," Washington Post, 12 Feb. 1967; "The Ten Desperate Minute," special report in Life, 21 April 1907, pp. 113--14.

6. RARB, append. B, passim, but especially pp. B-39, B-59 through B--63, B--161: append. D. pp. D--12--24 to D-12--29.

7. Ibid,, append. B, p. B-162, and D, pp. D-11-23, D-11-25.

8. Phil Casey, "Grissom and Chaffee Are Buried in Arlington, White at West Point," Washington Post, 1 Feb. 1967, pp. A-1, A--4: "Science and Space: Apollo's Final Seconds," Newsweek, 13 Feb, 1967; Thomas 0'Toole, "Oxygen Fire Kills 2 At Space School," Washington Post, 1 Feb. 1967, A--1; William Hines, "Interpretation: 2 Oxygen--Fed Disasters Endanger Space Plans," Washington Evening Star, p. 1, 1 Feb. 1967.

9. Lee D. Saegesser, "Cartoons on Space: 1963-1968," NASA Historical Div., October 1968, unpaged 459

10. Earl Blount, interview, Downey, Calif., 29 Jan. 1970; Albert M. Chop file on "Lunar Roll of Honor," consisting of correspondence from 27 July 1966 to 26 May 1967; George E. Mueller TWX to KSC, MSC, and MSFC, Attn,: Kurt H, Debus, Gilruth, and Wernher von Braun, ["Cancellation of Lunar Roll of Honor"], 14 May 1967.

11. Typescript of Gemini/Apollo Executives joint meeting, Washington, 27--28 Jan. 1967-chart, "Apollo Program: Top Ten Problems (Jan. 1967)": funding, S--II deliveries, LH2, tank cracks, LM deliveries, Block II deliveries, S--IVB 503 failure, LM ascent engine over-shoot, stress corrosion, quality assurance and personal errors, and program software saturation: Dept. of State, "Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States, in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, Including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies," TIAS 6347, United States Treaties, 18: 2415; Astronautics and Aeronautics, 1967: Chronology on Science, Technology, and Policy, NASA SP--4008 (Washington, 1968), p. 23.

12. Robert C. Seamans, Jr., to James E. Webb, "Report on Apollo 204 Review Board Discussions," 3 Feb. 1967, reprinted in RARB, Pp. 3--47 to 3--50.

13. Seamans to Webb, "Further report on Apollo 204 Review Board Activities," 14 Feb. 1967, and "Interim report of the Apollo 204 Review Board," 25 Feb. 1967, reprinted in RARB, pp. 3-51 through 3--59. For the establishment of the investigation team, see ibid., pp. 1--5 to 1--13 and 3--1 to 3--7.

14. Senate Committee on Aeronautical and Space Sciences, Apollo Accident, pt. 1, p. l; RARB, p.3--62: "Apollo Probe to Be Public," Baltimore Sun, 31 Jan. 1967; "Space Program Goes Underground," Houston Chronicle, 3 Feb, 1967; William Hines, "Washington Close--Up: NASA Probe Value Doubtful," Washington Evening Star, 9 Feb. 1967.

15. ["Interim Report of Apollo 204 Review Board"], 22 Feb. 1967; "Text of the Report by Official of NASA on the Fatal Apollo Spacecraft Fire," New York Times, 5 Feb. 1967; Erik Bergaust, Murder on Pad 34 (New York: Putnam, 1968), p. 212. NBC presented a television broadcast on 5 April, "Crossroads in Space," narrated by Frank McGee, that was critical of all facets of NASA and Apollo, according to an article by Harriet Van Horne in the New York World Journal Tribune, 6 April 1967.

16. "Space: To Strive, to Seek, to Find, and Not to Yield .....," Time, 3 Feb. 1967: Virgil "Gus" Grissom, Gemini: A Personal Account of Man's Venture into Space, ed. Jacob Hay (New York: Macmillan, 1968), p. 175.

17. Senate Committee, Apollo Accident, pt. 1.

18. RARB, pp. 3-23, 3-47 to 3-59, 5-2.

19. Ibid., p. 3-62.

20. Ibid., p. 5-12.

21. [Ibid.; House Subcommittee, Investigation, 1. pp. 10-12, 17, 277-352; Senate Committee, Apollo Accident, pt. 3, pp. 192-266, pt. 4. pp. 307-13; William M. Bland, Jr., to Head, CSM Contract Eng. Br., "Allocation of Space for Installation of Fire Extinguishers Aboard SC 012 and Subsequent Manned Apollo Flights," 17 Aug. 1966; William L. Gill memo, "Evaluation of Freon 1301 fire extinguishing agent in 5 psia 02," 31 Aug. 1966, with enc., Andris A. Staklis, subj. as above, 22 Aug. 1966.

22. Senate Committee, Apollo Accident, pt. 2, pp. 125-27, 130, 131, pt. 3, pp. 228-30: Samuel C. Phillips to J. Leland Atwood, 19 Dec. 1965, with encs.; Thomas Ronald Baron, "An Apollo Report," [ca. January 1967]; typescript, North American's rebuttal to the Baron report, [ca. January 1967]; House Subcommittee, Investigation, 1, pp. 379-84, 483-501; William Hines, "Apollo Had Poor Parts, Ex-Inspector Charges," Washington Evening Star, 23 March 1967; Howard Benedict, "20,000 Failures Preceded the Tragedy of Apollo 1," Washington Post, 12 March 1967; "NAA/Apollo Critic Dies in Car Accident," Space Business Daily, 8 May 1967; "Apollo Critic, Wife, Daughter Killed in Crash," Atlanta Constitution, 29 April 1967.

23. Joseph F. Shea to NASA Hq., Attn.; Phillips, "Apollo atmosphere selection," 8 March 1965; R. Wayne Young TWX to Grumman, Attn.: Robert S. Mullaney, 23 May 1966: Clinton L. Taylor TWX to North American, Attn.: James C. Cozad, 25 May 1966; Gill to Chief, Apollo Support Office, Attn.: Donald F. Hughes, "Comparison of fire hazard in 95( 5% oxygen at 21.0 versus 14.7 psia," 11 Aug. 1966; Hilliard W. Paige to Shea, 30 Sept. 1966; Shea to Paige, 5 Dec. 1966, with enc, Bland to Mgr., ASP0, "Comments on Mr. H. W. Paige's letter to you concerning the fire hazard in our spacecraft," 23 Nov. 1966, with enc.,"Apollo Spacecraft Non Metallic Materials Control Program," n.d.: Charles A. Berry to Dep. Dir., MSC, "Management Program for Control of Hazardous Spacecraft Materials," 4 Jan. 1957.

24. James B. Skaggs memo, "Apollo Weekly Status Report," 14 April 1967: House Subcommittee, Investigation, 1, especially pp. 436-47. See also Karl Abraham, "NASA Paid for Report Warning of Fire Hazard," Philadelphia Evening Bulletin, 8 Feb. 1967; Neal Stanford, "Fire Danger Considered Before Apollo Decision," Christian Science Monitor, 9 Feb. 1967.

25. NASA, Astronautics and Aeronautics, 1967, p. 89: "Key Personnel Changes." MSC Announcement 67-51, 7 April 1967: "Apollo Chief Shifted to Washington," Washington Post, 6 April 1967; Jim Maloney, "NASA Job Changes," Houston Post, 6 April 1967: "Former Apollo Chief's Whereabouts a Mystery," Washington Evening Star, 12 April 1967: Mitchell Gordon, "Echoes of Apollo: A Spacecraft Tragedy Sends Tremors Through North American's Ranks," Wall Street Journal, 23 June 1967; William B. Bergen, interview, El Segundo Calif., 21 June 1971; Beirne Lay, Jr., Earth--Bound Astronauts: The Builders of Apollo-Saturn (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice--Hall, 1971), pp. l24-37.

26. House Subcommittee, Investigation, 1, pp. 175-76.

27. Ibid., pp-141-57.

28. George M. Low to Dir., Engineering and Development (E&D), "Test Request--Proposed Block II Flame Retardant Coatings," 14 April 1967; Richard S. Johnston to Dir., E&D, "Fire detection system development." 17 April 1967: Robert R. Gilruth to Mgr.. White Sands Test Facility, "Flammability tests of non-metallic spacecraft materials," 20 April 1967; Kenneth S. Kleinknecht memo, "Block II redefinition, command and service modules," 27 April 1967, with enc., subj. as above, 24 April 1967; "Configuration Management Plan for the Block II Redefinition," 8 May 1967, signed by Frank Borman and Wilbur H. Gray; Kleinknecht memo, "Block II redefinition, command and service modules," 8 May 1967, with enc., "Task Team Block II Redefinition, Command and Service Modules,' 5 May 1967: Loss memo, "Nonmetallic Materials Selection Guidelines," 8 May 1967, with enc., J. W. Craig and M. W. Steinthal, subj. as above, n.d.

29. Thomas J. Kelly, "Apollo Lunar Module Mission and Development Status," paper presented at AIAA 4th Annual Meeting and Technical Display, AIAA paper 67-863, Anaheim, pp. 11--12: Low memo for record, "NASA-GAEC meeting, May 9, 1967," 11 May 1967; Senate Committee, Apollo Accident, pt. 6, pp. 546-48: Robert G. Button to Roy M. Voris and Gil Perlroth. "Suggested Project LM Flammability," 8 Dec. 1967; Maxime A. Faget to Owen E. Maynard, "Beta booties on the LM circuit breaker panels," 7 Nov. 1967; Phillips TWXS to MSC et al., 14 April and 1 May 1967; Phillips to MSS and KSC, Attn.: Gilruth and Debus, "Audit of Apollo Lunar Module Quality and Inspection operations," 18 May 1967, with enc., Phillips TWX to MSC et al., 1 May 1967, and Capt. Roderick 0. Middleton et al., to Phillips, subj. as above, 17 May 1967, with enc.

30. Senate Committee, Apollo Accident, pt. 6: House Subcommittee, Investigation, 1, p. 544; "Astronauts Aided by Apollo Delays," Detroit News, 24 March 1967; "High Hopes for the Moon Shot," Business Week, is April 1967: "Saturn 5 Defects May Delay Apollo Even More," Houston Post, 24 May 1967; Howard W. Tindall, Jr., memo, "In which is described the Apollo spacecraft computer programs currently being developed," 24 March 1967.

31. NASA, Astronautics and Aeronautics, 1967, pp 124-25; William Hines, "Soviet Moone Date Imperiled," Washington Evening Star, 24 April 1967; Arthur Hill, "Parachute Trouble Grows with Weight of Spaceship," Houston Chronicle, 24 April 1967; "Russian Cosmonaut Killed," Houston Post, 25 April 1967; Julian Scheer TWX to all NASA elements, ["Webb's statement on Komorov's death"], 24 April 1967; Edward Clinton and Linda Neuman Ezell, The Partnership: A History of the Apollo Soyuz Test Project, comment edition, June 1976, Chap. III.

32. Senate Committee, Apollo Accident, pt. 7, pp. 553-83; NASA, "NASA Contracts for Beta Fiber Study for Apollo," news release 67-90, 14 April 1967.

33. Senate Committee, Apollo Accident, pt.7, append. 1 through 3.

34. MSC, "Exhibit A, [Boeing TIE Contract] Technical Work Scope," 16 and (approved) 17 May 1967: William H. Lohse datafax transmission to MSC, Attn.: Edward R. Mathews, "Boeing letter contract," 31 May 1967: NASA, "Boeing-NASA Sign Contract for Integration," news release 67-161, 16 June 1967; George H. Stoner bulletin for Boeing Aerospace Gp. dist. "B" and Corporate Hq. dist, "DDO," "Apollo Technical Integration and Evaluation Assignments," 26 June 1967; MSC, "Proposed Strengthening of GE Support," 15 May 1967; Low to Dir., MSC, "General Electric Company Long Range Plan," 26 May 1967; NASA, "GE Awarded Contract for KSC Support," news release 67-158, 14 June 1967.

35. J. Thomas Markley memo for record, "Contract Changes," 30 March 1967; MSC, "NASA Working Group Thoughts on NAS 9-150 Extension," 18-l9 April 1967: John R. Biggs to Webb, no subj., 21 April 1967, with encs., Bernard Moritz to Dir., Procurement, "MSC request to extend Apollo Contract NAS9--150 with North American Aviation, Inc,, by Letter Amendment," 28 Oct. 1966, and George J. Vecchietti to Moritz, subj. as above, 27 Oct. 1966, with encs., Vecchietti to MSC, Attn.: Dave W. Lang, "Request for Approval to Issue Letter Amendment to North American Aviation in accordance with Article 1(b) of Contract NAS9--150 (Apollo)," n.d., and Shea draft letter to Harrison A. Storms, Jr., n.d., John G. McClintock to Mgr., ASPO, "Briefing: CSM Incentive Contract," 27 April 1967, with encs.

36. Thomas E. Jenkins memo for record, "Apollo Programming Meeting, April 27, 1967: Attendees: Webb, Seamans, [Willis H.] Shapley, Mueller, [DeMarquis D.] Wyatt, [Lee B.] James, Skaggs, Phillips, [William A.] Fleming, [David] Williamson [Jr.], von Braun, [Charles W.] Mathews, [Raymond A.] Kline, [Frank J.] Magliato, [Richard L.] Callaghan, [Col. Lawrence W.] Vogel, [Bernhardt L.] Dorman, Scheer, [William E.] Lilly, Shea, [Paul G.] Dembling, [Harold B.] Finger, Veechietti and Jenkins," 28 April 1967: idem, "Apollo Programming Meeting, May 3, 1967," 3 May 1967: Seamans memo for record, "Apollo Program Decisions--unmanned flights of the 1/204, CSM 017/501, and CSM 020/502," 1 May 1967: Biggs memo for record, "Apollo Reprogramming Meeting, May 4, 1967," 4 May 1967: "Apollo Post--Accident Recovery Program: Webb Review, May 3-4, 1967," copy of handwritten document, 4 May 1967.

37. Seamans to Assoc. Admin., OMSF, "Official NASA Apollo Schedules for Manned Missions," 16 Feb. 1967; Low memo for dist., "Apollo Program Review," 5 June 1967, with encs.: Carl R. Liebermann to Dir., Apollo Prog., "Minutes of Apollo Program Meeting at MSC on 2 June 1967," 7 June 1967, with enc.: House Committee on Science and Astronautics, Subcommittee on Manned Space Flight, 1970 NASA Authorization: Hearings on H.R. 4046, H.R, 10251 (Superseded by H.R. 11271), pt. 2, 91st Cong., 1st sess., 1969, pp. 183, 185.

38. Low memo, "Apollo Configuration Control Board," 17 June 1967.

39. Frank H. Samonski, Jr., and Elton M. Tucker, "Apollo Environmental Control System," proposed technical note, October 1970: Blount interview; Bergen to James, 6 Nov. 1967; Bergen, interview, Downey, 15 May 1969: Atwood, interview, El Segundo, 16 July 1970.

40. Statements by Webb, Seamans, and Mueller on Apollo Reprogramming before the Senate Committee on Aeronautical and Space Sciences, NASA special release, 9 May 1967, p. 10.

41. Rodney G. Rose to John P. Mayer, Henry E. Clements, and Jerome B. Hammack, "Proposed Apollo Flight Program," 9 May 1967, with enc., "Apollo Flight Program," May 1967; Christopher C. Kraft. Jr., to Mgr., ASPO, "Requested comments on Apollo Flight Program Definition," 1 June 1967.

42. Carl R. Praktish to Seamans, "Report covering visits to KSC, MSFC, MTF, Michoud, and MSC--June 26-June 28, 1967," 24 July 1967; John Coursen to C. William Kathke, LM engineering memo, "Weight Increases to the LM Attributable to Actions Following the KSC Accident," 8 September 1967; Low memo for record, "Apollo weight changes." 29 Sept. 1967, with encs; Lt. Gen. Frank A. Bogart to Gilruth, 23 June 1966: Seamans to Mueller, "Apollo/Saturn Nomenclature," 6 Jan. 1967: Low to Donald K. Slayton, "Apollo 204 patch," 20 Jan. 1967; Phillips to Dep. Assoc. Admin. (Mgmt.), NASA, "Apollo Mission Designations," date illegible: Mueller to Seamans, "Apollo/Saturn Nomenclature," 9 Feb. 1967; Scheer to Seamans, no subj., 17 Feb. 1967; James to Phillips, no subj., 22 March 1967: Mueller TWX to KSC, MSFC, and MSC, "Apollo and AAP Mission Designation," 25 March 1967: Low to Slayton, "Designation of Apollo spacecraft." 31 Match 1967; James to Col. M. L. Seacomb, "Action Item," 20 April 1967, with enc., Low to Mueller, 30 March 1967; Manfred von Ehrenfried to Chief, Mission Ops, Div., "Apollo 2 IVA Activity Consideration," 24 Feb. 1967, and "Apollo 2 Mission Planning (S/C 101)," 28 Feb. 1967: Mueller TWX to KSC, MSFC, and MSC, "Apollo and AAP Mission Designation," 28 April 1967: Low memo, "System for numbering Apollo spacecraft," 1 May 1967: Phillips note to Mueller, 4 May 1967; Phillips TWX to MSC, MSFC, and KSC, Attn.: Gilruth et al., "Apollo Launch Schedule," 9 May 1967; Scheer to Bart J. Slattery, Jr., et al., no subj.. 17 July 1967; George R. Morgan to Eugene M. Emme, NASA History Div., 4 Oct. 1969; Emme to Morgan. 9 Oct. 1969: Morgan to Low, II Oct. 1969; Low to Morgan, 29 Oct. 1969.

43. Mueller notes on his visit to North American on 8 July 1967 to review CSM and S-II program status; Low to Phillips, 14 July 1967; R. E. Carroll TWX to NASA Hq. et al.,"Redesignation of S&ID as Space Division," 9 May 1967.

44. "Saturn Blastoff Is Rated among Noisiest Events," Philadelphia Evening Bulletin, 10 Nov. 1967; Robert H. Boulware and Texas M. Ward, "Apollo 4 Flight Plan, Rev. A," MSC, 11 Sept. 1967: NASA, "Project: Apollo 4," press kit, news release 67-275, 27 Oct. 1967; Mueller to Admin., NASA, "Apollo 4 Mission (AS--501)," 24 Oct. 1967, with enc.; MSC, "Apollo 4 Mission Report," MSC-PA--R--68-1, January 1968. 45. NASA, Apollo 4 press kit, p.2; MSC, "Apollo 4 Post Launch Press Conference, 9 Nov. 1967.

46. Gilruth to Mueller, 19 Sept. 1967; Albert P. Boysen. Jr., memo for file, "Notes of Apollo Flight Program Review at NASA Headquarters on September 20, 1967, Case 310," 24 Nov. 1967, with enc., subj. as above; Low memo, "Mission development and planning" 25 Sept. 1967: Phillips to MSC, MSFC, and KSC, Attn.: Gilruth, von Braun, and Debus, "Apollo Spacecraft Flight Test Program Review/Apollo Mission Assignments,( 14 Dec. 1967.