¹ Eugene M. Emme, Aeronautics and Astronautics: An American Chronology of Science and Technology in the Exploration of Space, 1915-1960 (Washington, D.C.: NASA, 1961), pp. 62, 65, 67 (cited hereafter as NASA Chronology). See also Stanley J. Macko, Satellite Tracking (New York: J. F. Rider, 1962), chapter 10.

² Memo, C-7140-309/55, 7 Sept 1955 (AFMTC notified unofficially that they have been chosen for launching site); memo, Code 7140 to Code 1900, 15 Sept 1955, sub: Project Vanguard; information for stub requisition for contract with GLM, C-7140-278/55; ltr, Dir/NRL to Deputy Chief Staff (Develop), USAF, 2 Nov 1955, sub: Scientific Satellite Operation Program (Project Vanguard); ltr, Dir/NRL to Chief/Naval Research, 28 Nov 1955, sub: Use of PAFB for Project Vanguard, C-4106-5/55.

³ Ltr, Hq ARDC to Dir/NRL, 2 Dec 1955, sub: Scientific Satellite Operation Program (Project Vanguard).

⁴ Memo, Sec/Def to Secs/Army, AF, and Navy, Sec/Nav Cont. No. S-2303 S-229, 9 Sept 1955, sub: Technical Program for NSC 5520 (capability to launch a small scientific satellite during IGY); min staff mtg, Project Vanguard, 2 Dec 1955.

⁵ Min staff mtg, Project Vanguard, 2 Dec 1955.

⁶ Interview, Robert Schlechter of Martin, 13 Mar 1967.

⁷ The consultations at Patrick in Sept 1955 are covered in the following Consultative Service Records (conference reports) in NHF: Ser. C-7140-292/55, -293, -294, -295, and -296 of 15 Sept; and -305, -308, -309, -310, -311, -312, and -315 of 29 Sept. Except as otherwise indicated further references to the September talks at the Cape rest on these records.

⁸ Interview, 2 Mar 1967.

⁹ USAF memo of 23 Sept 1955.

¹⁰ Stehling, Project Vanguard, p. 93; interview with Sears William of Martin, 5 May 1967.

¹¹ Undated speech, "Vanguard Operations at Atlantic Missile Range" (one of the designations of the Cape Canaveral test center).

¹² Interview, Captain Winfred E. Berg, USN, 19 Apr 1967. See also minutes of Technical Board meeting 6-57, dated 5 Feb 1957, and ltr 4106-11 Ser: 13567, Dir/NRL to Deputy Chief of Staff Development, Hq. USAF, 19 Nov 1957, sub: Project Vanguard, Air Force Program Offers for.

¹³ Mazur, interview.

¹⁴ Ltr, Dir/NRL to Hq. AFMTC, 16 Nov 1955, sub: Vanguard Preliminary Plan, Transmittal of; ltr, Gibbs to Hq. Research and Development Command, 28 Nov 1955, sub: Preliminary Planning for Project Vanguard; conf rpt, 5 Apr 1956, 4120-152/56; "Case History" by Cdr. Calhoun, Apr 1956, PAFB 56-8914; ltr, Dir/NRL to Hq. AFMTC, 2 May 1956, sub: Vanguard Test Program, Transmittal of; Project Directive No. 2, 11 May 1956, sub: Vanguard Test Program Changes; interview, Schlechter.

¹⁵ Berg interview. See also Stehling, Project Vanguard, p. 93.

¹⁶ Memo, Asst Sec/Def for Sec/Navy, 9 Jan 1956, sub: Scientific Satellite Operation Program (Project Vanguard; Test Facilities); Trevor Gardner Memo to Asst Sec/Navy (Air), 10 Jan 1956, sub: Air Force Approval of AFMTC for Vanguard Use; Berg interview; "Diary of Project Vanguard" by Joseph E. Burghardt, Martin's assistant project engineer for aerodynamics and propulsion and later technical director for systems, 2 Feb 1956. This valuable personal record kindly lent to the authors by Mr. Burghardt is cited hereafter as Burghardt Ms. Diary.

¹⁷ Wernher von Braun, "The Redstone, Jupiter, and Juno," History of Rocket Technology, pp. 107-111; Robert L. Perry, "The Atlas, Thar, Titan, and Minuteman," ibid., pp. 150-151; Martin Semi-Monthly Progress Letter 9, p. 7; min staff mtg, Project Vanguard, 3 Jan 1956; conf rpt 4150-6/56 eb of 23 Jan 1956; minutes of conference at Redstone Missile Firing Branch, PAFB, 26 Jan 1956; conf rpt S4130-2/56, 17 Jan 1956; GLM inter-department communication of 6 Feb 1956, Schlechter to Markarian, sub: Facilities for Vanguard Field Program; conf rpt 4110-140/56 of 8 Jan 1956 and attached minutes; Klawans and Burghardt, Vanguard Launch Vehicle, pp. 99-101; Project Vanguard Report 2 (NRL Report 4717), p. 3; and Schlechter interview.

¹⁸ Ltr, Dir/NRL to Chief of Engineers for Military Construction, 16 Feb 1956, sub: Transfer of Gantry Crane from White Sands … to AFMTC, Ser: 3601; ltr, 0881, GLM to Dir/NRL, 17 Feb 1956, sub: Viking Spare Parts and Equipment at White Sands Proving Ground, Evaluation of Present Usability; ltr, SAKML-2 (AFMTC), Corps of Engineers to Dir/NRL, 20 Apr 1956, sub: Relocation of Gantry Crane, Patrick Aux. No 1 Air Force Base; Cdr. Calhoun Newsletter 2-56715, Mar 1956; contract Da-08-123-ENG-2049, 24 Apr 1956, Construction of Launching Complexes Nos. 17 and 18 at AFMTC, in Mail and Records Section, Canaveral District, Corps of Engineers, Merritt Island, Fla. (cited hereafter as Jones Contract).

¹⁹Conf rpt 4120-125/56 (4124), 26 Mar 1956; Vanguard Progress Report 6, p. 1.

²⁰ Ltr 1246 to NRL.

²¹ Interview, Mengel, 7 Mar 1967.

²² Vanguard Progress Report 2 (NRL Report 4717), p. 3, and NRL Report 4800, p. 1; ltr, Chief/Air Force Projects Division, Military Construction, to Division Engineer, South Atlantic Division, Atlanta, Gal. 29 Mar 1956, sub: Authorization/Patrick Aux. No. 1 Air Force Base-Construction of Navy (Vanguard) Facility, Assembly Bldg "S"; memo, Chief/Naval Research to Chief/Naval Operations, 11 May 1956, sub: Project Vanguard Weekly Status Rpt. No. 4.

²³ NRL Report 4717, p. 4; Jones Contract; conf rpt C4150-6/56, 13 Jan 1956; Schlechter and Mazur interviews.

²⁴ Berg interview; Martin Semi-Monthly Progress Letter 9, p. 7.

²⁵ GLM inter-department communication, 2 Feb 1956, sub: Facilities for Vanguard Field Program-PAFB Trips on Jan 26, 27, and Feb 1, 2.

²⁶ Berg interview; Vanguard Progress Reports 10, p. 1, and 11, p. 3; ltr, Chief/Naval Research to Chief/Naval Operations, 3 Feb 1956, sub: Project Vanguard Weekly Status Rpt.

²⁷ Ltr, Office/Naval Research to GLM, 31 July 1956, sub: Project Vanguard; Vanguard memo 4104 2/56, Master Planning Coordinator to Project Director, 17 July 1956, sub: Vanguard-Amendment to July Rpts on Significant Items Which are Behind Schedule; ONR memo, ONR:100:dr Ser 01152, 13 Aug 1956, sub: Project Vanguard Weekly Status Rpt. No. 26.

²⁸ Preliminary "Design Criteria for Static and Flight Firing Structure," dated 21 Feb 1956, in Martin Marietta Corporation files, p. 1; GLM purchase order 56-3529-CPFF, 20 Jan 1957, to Loewy Hydropress Division of Baldwin-Lima-Hamilton Corporation, New York City.

²⁹ Interviews, 21 Apr 1967, with Berg, Manning, and W. D. Skilochenko of NRL; Martin Monthly Progress Letter 4, p. 8; Jones Contract; case history, Project Vanguard, PAFB 56-12964, July 1956; ibid., PAFB 56-18360, Oct 1956; ibid., PAFB 56-18898, 5 Nov 1956; conf rpt 5230-373/56, 8 Oct 1956; and status rpt, 18 Oct 1956, sub: Vanguard Operations and Facilities at PAFB.

³⁰ For a discussion of the National Academy's desire for twelve rather than six mission vehicles, see chapter 6, p. 98.

³¹ NRL Design Specification No. 4100-1, p. 29; interview, Markarian, 9 Oct 1967; ltr, Chief/Naval Research to CLM, 15 July 1957, sub: Change Order No. 68; memo, Chief/Naval Operations, 23 July 1957, sub: Project Vanguard Weekly Status Rpt No. 75.

³² PAFB case histories, Project Vanguard, July 1956 and Oct 1956; conf rpt 5230-373/56, 8 Oct 1956; status rpt, 18 Oct 1956, sub: Vanguard Operations and Facilities at PAFB.