NOTES

Chapter 1

1 Collected Works of K. E. Tsiolkovskiy, vol. 2 (Reactive Flying Machines), A. A. Blagonravov, ed., NASA Technical Translation TT F­237 (Washington, D.C.: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1965), translation of K. E. Tsiolkovskiy: Sobraniye Sochineniy, Tom II, Reacktivnyye Letatel'nyye Apparaty (Moscow: Izdatel'stvo Akademii Nauk SSR [USSR Academy of Sciences Publishing House], 1954); Hermann Oberth, Die Rakete zu den Planetenräumen (Munich and Berlin: Oldenbourg, 1923), and "From My Life," Astronautics, vol. 4, no. 6 (June 1959), pp. 38, 100, 106. Oberth built a rocket for a German movie, but it was never flown.

2 Willy Ley, Rockets, Missiles and Space Travel, 3 rev. ed. (New York: Viking Press, 1961), p. 323.

3 Milton Lehman, This High Man: The Life of Robert H. Goddard (New York: Farrar, Straus & Co., 1963). More on Goddard's pioneering work will be found in his papers, edited by Mrs. Esther Goddard and G. Edward Pendray in three volumes, The Papers of Robert H. Goddard (New York: McGraw­Hill, 1970).

4 Interviews with Dr. Lloyd Berkner, 20 Mar 1965, and Dr. Harvey Hall, 6 June 1967. As nearly every scientist who participated in the American satellite program was a Ph.D., the academic label is hereafter omitted.

5 Milton Rosen, The Viking Rocket Story (New York: Harper & Bros., 1955), p. 18; interview with Edward O. Hulburt, Director of Research at the Naval Research Laboratory, 1945-1955, 8 Apr 1964. I. B. Holley, Jr., an Army Air Forces officer and historian stationed at Wright Field during 1945, recalls the briefing and the arrival of the German engineers.

6 Rosen, op. cit., pp. 22-23; see also "Historical Origins of Echo I," pp. 4-5, 15, interview of William J. O'Sullivan, by Edward Morse, 23 Aug 1964, mimeo, NASA historical files (hereafter cited as NHF).

7 The chronology of NRL-Viking-Vanguard developments derives from an official NRL summary, prepared in October 1957 and entitled "Decisions on Prior Programs Affecting Project Vanguard and Ballistic Missile Development," which is enclosure 1 to NRL letter 4100-227 (hereafter cited as encl 1, NRL 4100-227).

8 Harvey Hall, memo for file, ONR: 405, 29 Nov. 1957, copy in NHF; interview Harvey Hall, 6 June 1967; Wernher von Braun, "From Small Beginnings," in Kenneth W. Gatland, et al., Project Satellite (London: Wingate, 1958), pp. 47-49; von Braun statement in F. Zwicky, "Report on Certain Phases of War Research in Germany," pp. 38-42, Headquarters, U.S. Air Materiel Command, January 1947.

9 Hall, ONR:405, pp. 2-3.

10 Negative evidence, namely the lack of memos in NRL files regarding the ESV proposal, substantiates this statement.

11 H. Hall memo, ONR:405, p. 4.

12 Project RAND, Preliminary Design of an Experimental World-Circling Spaceship, May 1946, cited by R. Cargill Hall, "Early U.S. Satellite Proposals," in The History of Rocket Technology: Essays on Research, Development, and Utility, Eugene M. Emme, ed. (Detroit: Wayne State Univ. Press, 1964), pp. 75­79 (hereafter cited as History of Rocket Technology).

13 U.S. Congress, Senate, Committee on the Armed Services, Preparedness Investigating Subcommittee, Hearings: Inquiry into Satellite and Missile Programs, part 1, 85th Cong., 1st and 2d Sess., November 1957 and December 1958, p. 283; Theodore von Kármán, Toward New Horizons: A Report to General of the Army H. H. Arnold, Submitted on Behalf of the A.A.F. Scientific Advisory Group, Army Air Forces report, 15 Dec 1945, p. 56. Von Kármán's autobiography (written with Lee Edson), The Wind and Beyond, was published in 1967 by Little, Brown & Co., Boston.

14 H. Hall, memo, ONR:405, pp. 4-5.

15 Quoted by R. Cargill Hall in History of Rocket Technology, p. 79.

16 See n. 14; First Annual Report of the Secretary of Defense, 1948, p. 129; memo, RDB 57-3086, appendix 4; R. Cargill Hall in History of Rocket Technology, pp. 87-88, n. 85.

17 H. Hall memo, ONR:405, pp. 2, 4-5; "Historical Lessons from Research and Development: The Case of Navaho," citing Francis Bello, "The Early Space Age," Fortune, vol. 16, no. 1 (July 1959), typescript in NHF.

18 R. Cargill Hall in History of Rocket Technology, p. 90.

19 See, for example, James A. Van Allen, L. W. Frazer, and J. F. R. Lloyd, "Aerobee Sounding Rocket-A New Vehicle for Research in the Upper Atmosphere," Science, vol. 108, no. 2818 (31 Dec 1948), p. 746.

20 Rosen, The Viking Rocket Story, pp. 10, 35-39.

21 Ibid., pp. 239-241; NRL 4100-277, encl 1 and encl 3, "Significant Results of Vanguard and Previous High Altitude Rocket Projects." See also, Rocket Research Report, No. 6, "Conversion of Viking into a Guided Missile," and 11, "A Phase Comparison Guidance System for Viking," U.S. Navy, Naval Research Laboratory Report (hereafter cited as NRL Report) 3829, 1 Apr 1951, and 3982, 5 May 1952.

22 NRL 4100-227, encl 4, "Funding History of Related Projects Synopsis FY 1945-1958."

23 NRL 4100-227, encl 1, 3, and 4; NRL Reports 4576, 4727, 4757, and 4899; William R. Corliss, draft, "The Evolution of STADAN," p. 1, 1 June 1966. This draft was later published as The Evolution of the Satellite Tracking and Data Acquisition Network (STADAN), Goddard Historical Note No. 3 (Greenbelt: Goddard Space Flight Center, January 1967).

24 64 Stat. 149, 10 May 1950; interview, Alan T. Waterman, Director NSF, 1950-1963, November 1966.

25 E.g., National Academy of Sciences, Report, Committee on Upper Atmosphere Rocket Research, no. 33, October 1952, copy in NHF.

26 Clayton S. White and Otis O. Benson, Jr. eds., Physics and Medicine of the Upper Atmospheric: A Study of the Aeropause (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1952); interview, Joseph Kaplan, 14 Feb 1968.

27 Interview, Rosen, 22 Nov 1966.

28 J. R. Pierce, under the pseudonym of J. J. Coupling, "Don't Write: Telegraph!" in Astounding Science Fiction (March 1952), vol. 49, pp. 82-96.

29 American Rocket Society Space Flight Committee, "On the Utility of an Artificial Unmanned Earth Satellite," Jet Propulsion, vol. 25, no. 2 (February 1966), pp. 71-73.

30 Shirley Thomas, Men of Space, vol. 2 (Philadelphia: Chilton Book Co., 1960-1968, 8 vols.), pp. 190-194; interview, Lloyd Berkner, 20 Mar 1965. A copy of Grosse's report to President Truman, "Report of the Present Status of the Satellite Problem," 25 Aug 1953, is in NHF.

31 Collier's, vol. 129, no. 12, and vol. 130, nos. 16 and 17 (22 Mar and 18 and 25 Oct 1952); Ley, Rockets, Missiles and Space Travel, pp. 324-325; interview, Kaplan, 14 Feb 1968.

32 Ley, op. cit. p. 325; Harry Wexler, "Observing the Weather from a Satellite Vehicle," Journal of the British Interplanetary Society, vol. 13, no. 5 (September 1954), pp. 269-276); Singer, "Studies of a Minimum Orbited Unmanned Satellite of the Earth (MOUSE)," Part I, Geophysical and Astrophysical Applications, Astronautics, vol. 1, pp. 171-184. See also E. Nelson Hayes, "The Smithsonian's Satellite-Tracking Program: Its History and Organization," Annual Report … Smithsonian Institution … 1961, pp. 276-277, 1962,

33 See n. 18; Wernher von Braun, "The Redstone, Jupiter and Juno," in History of Rocket Technology, pp. 109-110.

34 Wernher von Braun, "A Minimum Satellite Vehicle, Based on Components Available from Missile Developments of the Army Ordnance Corps," Guided Missile Development Division, Ordnance Missile Laboratories, Redstone Arsenal, Huntsville, Alabama, 15 Sept 1954.

35 Ltr, Whipple to James Van Allen, 10 June 1955, Correspondence File, 1-9, National Academy of Sciences, IGY files (hereafter cited as NAS-IGY files); interview, Alan T. Waterman, 6 Oct 1966.

36 R. Cargill Hall, "Origins and Development of the Vanguard and Explorer Satellite Programs," draft copy, October 1963 with annotation by Homer J. Stewart of JPL, NHF; memo, Dr. E. R. Piore, ONR, 21 Dec 1954, NHF; Commander George W. Hoover, "Why an Earth Satellite," prepared for presentation to the Engineers' Society of Milwaukee, 22 Feb 1956; Whipple notes on draft of this chapter.

37 Interviews, Lloyd Berkner, 26 Mar 1965, and J. Wallace Joyce, 19 July 1967; "The Scientific Earth Satellite," remarks by Dr. J. W. Joyce, Head, Office for the International Geophysical Year, National Science Foundation, before the 27th Annual Meeting of the Society of Exploration Geophysicists, 12 Nov 1957, NHF. See also Jay Holmes, America on the Moon: The Enterprise of the Sixties (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Co., 1962), pp. 43-48.

38 "Catalog of Data in the World Data Centers," vol. 36 of Annals of the International Geophysical Year (New York: Pergamon Press, 1964), p. vi.

39 Joseph Kaplan, "The United States Program for the International Geophysical Year," in National Academy of Sciences and National Research Council News Report, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 17-20, 1954.

40 Congressional Record, 81st Cong., 2d Sess., pp. 2401-2407, 2411; 67 Stat. 488, 8 Aug 1953; Minutes of the 1st Meeting USNC, NAS-IGY Files; The National Science Foundation, A General Review of its First 15 Years, Report of the Science Policy Research Division, Legislative Reference Service of the Library of Congress, to the Subcommittee on Science, Research and Development of the House Committee on Science and Astronautics, 89th Cong., 1st Sess. (Committee print), p. 33 (hereafter cited as National Science Foundation First 15 Years); National Science Foundation Annual Report, 1956, p. 26. See also ltr, William W. Rubey, Chairman, National Research Council of the National Academy of Sciences, to Alan T. Waterman, Director of the National Science Foundation, 25 Nov 1953, Berkner papers, NAS-IGY files.

41 Interviews, Lloyd Berkner, 20 Mar 1965, Hugh Odishaw, 21 May 1965, and Homer Newell, 18 July 1966; Jay Holmes, America on the Moon, pp. 44-49.

42 Quoted in appendix 4, memo RDB 57-3086. See also John P. Hagen, "The Viking and the Vanguard," Technology and Culture, vol. 4, no. 4 (fall 1963), pp. 435-437.

Chapter 2

1 Minutes of 1st Meeting of the Technical Panel on Rocketry, 22 Jan 1955; interviews, Hugh Odishaw, 8 July 1966, Homer Newell, Jr., 18 July 1966, and Athelstan Spilhaus, 18 Dec 1967.

2 See above, pp. 15-16.

3 Interview, Milton Rosen, 26 Feb 1964; NRL ltr, 4100-227, encl 1, 1955; ltr, Rosen to R. Cargill Hall, 28 Aug 1963, in re Hall's draft of "Origins … of the Vanguard and Explorer Satellite Programs," copy NHF.

4 Report of Subcommittee on Long-Playing Rocket, attached to Minutes, 2d Meeting, Technical Panel on Rocketry, 11 Feb 1955; Minutes, 3d Meeting 9 Mar 1955; interview, Athelstan F. Spilhaus, 18 Dec 1967.

5 Interviews, George Derbyshire, 15 Dec 1967, Athelstan F. Spilhaus, 18 Dec 1967, and Hugh Odishaw, 26 Dec 1967.

6 Ltr, Kaplan to Waterman and Bronk, 14 Mar 1955, IGY correspondence file, 1-9.

7 Ltr, Waterman to C. McL. Green, 15 July 1965, listing entries from his diary from March to August 1955; memo RD 57-3086, appendix 5, 25 Oct 1957 (S); Homer J. Stewart notes on draft manuscript, R. Cargill Hall, "Origins … of the Vanguard and Explorer Satellite Programs," March 1964; interview, Milton Rosen, 29 Aug 1966; NRL Report, "A Scientific Satellite Program," 13 Apr 1955.

8 Ltr, Kaplan to Waterman, 6 May 1955, USNC Executive Committee, Correspondence files; interviews, Waterman, 10 June 1965, and General Dwight D. Eisenhower, 6 Nov 1966; Minutes, 8th Meeting USNC, 18 May 1955.

9 Unless otherwise noted, the sources for the discussion in this paragraph and the rest of this chapter derive from privileged documents and interviews.

10 See White House release, "Statement by the President," 9 Oct 1957, p. 2.

11 Ibid.

12 Memo, Deputy Secretary/Defense to Secretary/Army, Secretary/Navy, Secretary/Air Force, 8 June 1955; interview Alan T. Waterman, 12 June 1965; Homer J. Stewart, notes on R. Cargill Hall's draft manuscript "Origins … of the Vanguard and Explorer Satellite Programs."

13 RD 263/9, appendixes E and F, 4 August 1955; interview, Hugh Odishaw, Executive Director, USNC, 1 Sept 1966; Milton Rosen diary, 7 July 1955.

14 Ltrs, Kaplan to Waterman, 6 June, to Odishaw, 18 July, and to Sydney Chapman, 26 July 1955; memo, Peary to Odishaw, 13 June 1955; National Science Foundation First 15 Years (see chapter 1, n. 40), p. 33; Waterman, diary entries, June and July, and ltr to Quarles, 17 June 1955.

15 Interview, Alan T. Waterman, 12 June 1965.

16 Interview, Alan T. Waterman, 10 June 1965; Secretary of Defense and National Academy and Science Foundation press releases, 29 July 1955.

15 New York Herald Tribune, 3 Aug 1955, ltr, Kaplan to Waterman, 12 Aug 1955, IGY correspondence files.

Chapter 3

1 Report of the Committee on Special Capabilities to Assistant Secretary of Defense for Research and Development, 4 Aug 1955, RDB 55-1607A, B-3.

2 Homer J. Stewart, notes on draft manuscript, R. Cargill Hall, "Origins … of the Vanguard and Explorer Satellite Programs," August 1963.

3 Memo RDB 55-1607A, C, 1-4.

4 See pp. 28-29.

5 NRL Memo Report 487, "A Scientific Satellite Program," 5 July 1955. The Laboratory had worked out the design of both the M-10 and the M-15 when pursuing the guided missile reentry problem for the Air Force in 1954. See p. 12.

6 NRL Memo Report 487, 5 July 1955. See also pp. 121-123.

7 NRL Memo Report 487, 5 July 1955. See also William R. Corliss, The Evolution of STADAN, Goddard Historical Note No. 3 (Greenbelt: Goddard Space Flight Center, January 1967), pp. 17-18.

8 See Kurt R. Stehling, Project Vanguard (Garden City, New York: Doubleday & Co., Inc., 1961), p. 53.

9 Tape-recorded interview, Homer J. Stewart with Eugene Emme, 1960.

10 RDB 55-1607; ltr, as dictated to Thomas Lauritsen by his father Charles Lauritsen, to C. McL. Green, 29 May 1967.

11 Interviews, Richard Porter, 1 Feb 1968, and George Clement, 8 Mar 1968.

12 H. J. Stewart's notes to C. McL. Green, 14 Mar 1968.

13 RDB 55-1607A and RDB 55-1607.

14 Clifford C. Furnas, "Why Vanguard?" Life, vol. 43, no. 17 (21 Oct 1957), pp. 22-25.

15 RDB 55-1607; Homer J. Stewart's notes to C. McL. Green, 14 Mar 1968.

16 "Project Vanguard, a Scientific Earth Satellite Program for the International Geophysical Year," Report to the Committee on Appropriations, U.S. House of Representatives, by Surveys and Investigations Staff, in U.S. Congress, House of Representatives, Committee on Appropriations, Subcommittee on Department of Defense Appropriations, Hearings on Department of Defense Appropriations for 1960, part 6, 86th Cong., 1st Sess., 14 Apr 1959, pp. 62f. See pp. 8-9 and 16-18.

17 Notes, Homer J. Stewart to C. McL. Green, 11 Oct 1966.

18 See n. 16.

19 See n. 17 and chapter 12.

20 Memo, Rosen to C. McL. Green, 12 Oct 1966; memo, Director NRL to Chief of Naval Research, 15 Aug 1955, S-1000-26/55 LP, Ser 2307.

21 Memo, Rosen to Director, NRL, 23 Aug 1955, sub: Addendum to NRL Memo Report 487 of July 1955.

22 Memo, Rosen to C. McL. Green, 12 Oct 1966.

23 Encls 1-4 to Rosen memo cited in n. 21.

24 Notes, H. J. Stewart to C. McL. Green, 11 Oct 1966.

25 Encl 2, "Chronology of Significant Events in the Vanguard Program" to Hagen ltr, NRL 4100-227, 10 Oct 1957; memo, Dpty Sec/Def to Secs/Army, Navy, and Air Force, Sec/Navy Cont. S-2303, S-229.

26 Interview, Commander George W. Hoover, 5 Mar 1968; "Death of the First Satellite," in Erik Bergaust, Reaching for the Stars (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday & Co., 1960), p. 214.

27 See n. 10 and n. 11.

28 See n. 10 and n. 17; interview, Alan T. Waterman, 15 Oct 1966.

29 Interview with Milton Rosen, 2 Nov 1966.

Chapter 4

1 Memo, Deputy Sec/Def for Secretaries of Army, Navy, and Air Force, 9 Sept 1955, Sec/ Navy, Cont., S-2303, S-229.

2 Ltr, Sec/Navy to Ch Naval Research, 27 Sept 1955; ltr, ONR 101:aaj, Ser 001270, 6 Oct 1955.

3 Rosen diary, 25 Aug 1955.

4 NRL Conf rpt, 31 August 1955, C-7140-277/55. (Unless otherwise noted, all documents cited in this chapter are in the Vanguard master file in NHF.)

5 Conf rpts C-7140-273/55, 1 Sept 1955; C-7140­275/55, 7 Sept 1955; C-7140-293, 294, 295, and 309/55, memo rpt, D. G. Mazur, 7-9 Sept 1955. See also John P. Hagen, "The Viking and the Vanguard," in History of Rocket Technology, pp. 134-135.

6 Interviews: Captain Winfred E. Berg, 24 Aug 1966; E. O. Hulburt, 23 April 1965; Daniel G. Mazur, 1 Mar 1967. Kurt Stehling, Project Vanguard, pp. 70-71.

7 See n. 1; handwritten, anon. notes, 13 Sept 1955, among Hagen papers; encl 2 to NRL 4100-227, 10 Oct 1957, and encl 5, "Funding History for Project Vanguard," to NRL 4100-227; interview, Thomas E. Jenkins, 6 Jan 1967.

8 Conf rpts, 8, 12 Sept 1955; interview, Robert Baumann, 24 Feb 1964.

9 Conf rpts C-7140-280/55 and C-7140 278/55, 12 and 15 Sept 1955.

10 Contract Nonr-1817 (00), 23 Sept 1955.

11 Ibid.; Condensed Explanation of Cost Increases for GLM Contract for Vehicle Development, 3 May 1957; interview, Thomas Jenkins, 6 Mar 1967.

12 Interviews: Capt. Winfred E. Berg, 28 Aug 1966; Milton Rosen, 28 Oct 1966; Elliott Felt and Robert Schlechter, 13 Mar 1967; and Hugh Odishaw, 30 Oct 1967.

13 Interviews: Elliott Felt, Jr., 13 Mar 1967; Milton Rosen, 6 Dec 1966; Alton Jones, 14 Mar 1967; and John Hagen, 17 Mar 1967.

14 Rpt on conf, 29 Sept 1955, sub: Vehicle Optimum Weight Distribution. For an account of Martin's use of the analog, see B. Klawans and Joseph E. Burghardt, "The Vanguard Satellite Launching Vehicle, An Engineering Summary," Martin Engineering Report No. 11022, April 1960, p. 7 (hereafter cited as Klawans and Burghardt, Vanguard Launch Vehicle) .

15 Klawans and Burghardt, Vanguard Launch Vehicle, pp. 7-9, 169; see also Figure 3, "Permissible deviation from nominal path versus range," in Design Specification for Vanguard Launching Vehicle, 29 Feb 1956, revised 29 Mar 1956, Contract Nonr-1817 (00).

16 Interviews, Rosen and Bridger, 7 Mar 1968.

17 Martin purchase order 55-3516-CP, 1 Oct 1955; Martin specification no. 924; Martin Semi-monthly Progress Letters 1 and 2, for period 23 Sept to 23 Oct 1955, pp. 2, 9-10, Martin file for 1956, NHF.

18 Klawans and Burghardt, Vanguard Launch Vehicle, p. 51.

19 Rpt on conf, 3 Nov 1955, sub: Air Force contracts with Aerojet-General and Bell Aircraft Corp. to determine past performance; Telephone conf, 9 Nov 1955, sub: Relative performance of Aerojet-General and Bell Aircraft Corp. on Nike liquid booster developments; Martin Semi-monthly Progress Letters 1 and 2, pp. 2, 10-11.

20 Ltr contract, Martin P.O. 55-3522-CP; Martin specification 925: memo, GLM for BAR, Baltimore, 17 Nov 1955, sub: Prime Contract Nonr 1817 (00); interview, Robert Schlechter, 12 Mar 1967.

21 Rpt, 5 Oct 1955, on conf of 27 Sept 1955; NRL ltr to GLM, 1 Nov 1955; Martin Progress Reports 1 and 2, pp. 11­12; ltr, Schlechter to the authors, 21 Apr 1967.

22 Martin Vanguard personnel sheets in Martin file, NHF; interview, John Hagen, 17 Mar 1967.

23 Memo, Dir NRL to GLM, I Nov 1955, sub: Project Vanguard Organization; memos, Rosen to Hagen, 9 and 22 Nov 1955, 4140 387/ 55; Hagen, "The Viking and the Vanguard," in History of Rocket Technology, p. 132; Rosen diary.

24 Ltr, Hagen to C. McL. Green, 8 Jan 1968; ltr, John O'Keefe, Army Map Service, Chief of Research and Analysis, Geodetic Division, to von Braun, 15 Oct 1956, copy in NHF.

25 Interview, Hagen, Capt. Winfred E. Berg, and Thomas Jenkins, 19 Mar 1968.

26 Memo, Director NRL to Chief of Naval Research, 30 Sept 1955, and to AF Dpty Chief of Staff for Development, HQ, 2 Nov 1955; lst Endorsement, HQ, Air Research and Development Command to Director NRL, 2 Dec 1955; conf rpt, 5 Dec 1955, sub: Naval Ordnance Missile Test Facility Review of Preliminary Test Plans for Vanguard Launching Operations; minutes, NRL Project Vanguard staff meeting, 2 Dec 1955.

27 Memo, Chief of Naval Research to Asst/Sec Navy (Air), 16 Dec 1955, sub: Scientific Satellite Operation Program: Test Facilities.

28 Conf rpt, 7 and 9 Dec 1955, to review "Preliminary Test Plans for Vanguard Launching Operations"; memo, Lt. Col. Robert McDaris to MTQX, 14 Dec 1955, sub: Range Safety Considerations for Launching; memo, Asst/Sec/Def Clifford Furnas (R&D) to Asst/Sec/AF (R&D), 9 Jan 1956, sub: Priority of Earth Satellite Program.

29 Conf rpt, 20 Sept 1955, sub: Technical requirements for facilities and related technical problems; conf rpt, 12 Sept 1955, sub: Means of gaining GE immediate availability of Malta Test Facility; interviews: Robert Schlechter, 13 Mar 1967, and John Hagen, 17 Mar 1967; ltr, Hagen to C. McL. Green, 22 Mar 1967.

30 Memo, GLM for Dir NRL, via BAR/Baltimore, 12 Dec 1955, sub: Construction of Vanguard Manufacturing and Testing Installations at GLM; ltr, Ch NR to Asst Sec/Navy (Material), 20 Jan 1956, sub: Facilities Project Associated with GLM Contract, approval of.

31 Memo for file, 6 Jan 1956, sub: Environmental Test Facility; ltr, GLM to ONR, 4 Jan 1955, sub: Test Installations at GLM.

32 NRL Memorandum Report (hereafter cited as NRL Memo Rpt) 548, pp. 11, 16-17; memo for the record, 8 Dec 1955, Special Engineering Branch, R&D Division, Troop Operations, Office Ch of Engineers; see also chapter 8.

33 See chapter 6.

Chapter 5

1 Hagan notes, to C. McL. Green, 19 Mar 1968; conf rpt, 25 Nov 1955, sub: Facilities for materials research; conf rpt, 9-10 Dec 1955, sub: UDMH heat transfer stability and ignition lags, and high-frequency, lightweight instrumentation. See also Stehling, Project Vanguard, pp. 127-34; and Klawans and Burghardt, Vanguard Launch Vehicle, p. 51.

2 Interview, Hagen, Captain Winfred E. Berg and Thomas Jenkins, 19 Mar 1968; GLM Semi-Monthly Progress Reports 1 and 2, pp. 5 and 7; 3, pp. 5-6; 4, pp. 5-7; 5, p. 1; 6, p. 5. Ltr, NRL to GLM, 1 Nov 1955; conf rpt, 14 Nov 1955; Project Vanguard Rpt to Asst/Sec/DeE (R&D) Policy Council, 12 Dec 1955, NRL Memo Rpt 548, p. 7.

3 See chapter 4, n. 26; interview Capt. WinFred E. Berg, 10 Apr 1967.

4 Conf rpt, 27 Oct 1956, sub: Dovap Equipment; conf rpt, 4 Nov 1956, sub: FPS-16 Radar; interview Hagen, Captain Winfred E. Berg, and Thomas Jenkins, 19 Mar 1968.

5 Memo, Mazur to Rosen, 25 Nov 1955, sub: Telemetering System Requirements; Martin Semi-Monthly Progress Reports 1 and 2, pp. 6, 9, 3, p. 4, 7, p. 6; interview, Robert Schlechter, 13 Mar 1967; minutes, NRL Project Vanguard staff meeting, 2 Dec 1955.

6 Memo, GLM to Dir NRL, 28 Nov 1955, sub: Recommended Launching Systems Specification.

7 NRL Memo Rpt 548, pp. 7, 9-10; memo, Dir/NRL to CNO, 29 Nov 1955, sub: Project Vanguard-Frequency Allocation for Minitrack System; Memo, Robert MacKay, Jr., for Mazur, 23 Nov 1955, sub: Relative Qualifications of Bidders … Telemetering Ground Stations; conf rpt, 6 Dec 1955, sub: Progress of Antenna Development. See also chapter 9.

8 Minutes, NRL Project Vanguard staff meeting, 2 Dec 1955; interview Paul Walsh, 18 Apr 1967.

9 Conf rpt, 6 Dec 1955, sub: NRL-GLM Relationships; conf rpt, 6 Dec 1955, sub: Meeting of Scientific Officer and Operations Manager.

10 Martin Semi-Monthly Progress Letters 6, p. 5, 10, p. 2; conf rpt, 19 Jan 1956, sub: Weight Optimization Study; NRL Design Specification No. 4100-1, Design Specification for Vanguard Launching Vehicle, Contract Nonr-1817 (00), 29 Feb 1956, Appendix 2; interview Paul Walsh, 18 Mar 1967.

11 Klawans and Burghardt, Vanguard Launch Vehicle, pp. 26-28, 40-51. An example of unexpected problems encountered in preparing the specifications is to be found in Martin Semi-Monthly Progress Letter 13, p. 13. Interviews: Daniel Mazur, 2 Mar 1967; Alton Jones, 14 Mar 1967; and Milton Rosen, 28 Mar 1967.

12 See NRL Design Specification No. 4100-1, 29 Feb 1956, p. 18, and Appendix 2, p. 1; interview, Rosen, 28 Mar 1967. Like many another decision critically important to the Vanguard program, no written record exists of how this agreement came about. Only the ensuing action testifies to its validity and only Rosen's memory supplies an oral version of the circumstances.

13 NRL Design Specification No. 4100-1, pp. 18-20; Stehling, Project Vanguard, p. 132.

14 Martin Semi-Monthly Progress Letters 5, p. 3, 6, p. 3, 9, pp. 5-6; Klawans and Burghardt, Vanguard Launch Vehicle, pp. 51-62; Conf rpt, 19 Jan 1956, sub: Weight Optimization Study.

15 Stehling Report, 20 Jan 1956, sub: Engine Model Specifications; Comparison of Vanguard Vehicle Delivery and Launch Schedules, no date, but after the autumn of 1957; conf rpt, 9-10 Feb 1956, sub: Agreement on Martin Spec. 925, Propulsion System for Second Stage; interviews, Elliott Felt, 22 June 1967, and Capt. Berg, 10 Apr 1967.

16 Ltr, GLM to ONR, 19 Jan 1956, sub: Contract Nonr 1817 (00), Return of Amendment 1; Ltr, CNR to Dir NRL, 23 Jan 1956, sub: Extension of Period of Interim Contract; memo, Dir NRL for ONR, 31 Jan 1956, sub: Extension of Interim Contract Nonr-1817 (00) .

17 NRL Design Specification No. 4100-1, 29 Feb 1956, Revised 29 Mar 1956, Appendix 1, p. 2, and Appendix 2, pp. 1-2. See pp. 79-80.

18 Ibid., pp. 18-20; Klawans and Burghardt, Vanguard Launch Vehicle, pp. 59, 70-71; interview, Robert Schlechter, 13 Mar 1967; Stehling, Project Vanguard, pp. 132-34.

19 Martin Semi-Monthly Progress Letters 9, p. 5, 11, p. 2; memo, GLM to NRL, 3 Jan 1956; ltr, NRL to GLM, 20 Jan 1956; ltr, GLM to NRL, 3 Feb 1956; ltr, NRL to GLM, 29 Feb 1956; ltr, Van Allen to Hagen, 1 Feb 1956, attachment to minutes 3rd Meeting Technical Panel on Earth Satellite Program, 31 Jan 1956; interviews, Hugh Odishaw, 12 Apr 1967; Paul Walsh, 18 Apr 1967, and John Hagen, 19 Mar 1968.

20 Conf rpt, 20 Jan 1956, sub: Engine Model Specs; ltr, GLM to BAR, 24 Feb 1956; ltr, GLM to ONR, 19 Jan 1956, sub: Amendment No. 1 to Contract; Martin Progress Ltr 9, pp. 5-6, 10, p. 5, 11, p. 4; conf rpt, 6 Feb 1956, sub: Evaluation of Final Third Stage Rocket Proposals; NRL Design Specification No. 4100-1, 29 Feb 1956, pp. 22-23, and Appendix 2, pp. 1-2.

21 Ltr, GLM to NRL, 3 Feb 1956, sub: Request for Approval of Clearance of Subcontractors for Third Stage Engine; ltr, NRL to GLM, 7 Mar 1956.

22 Interview, Milton Rosen, 28 Mar 1967.

23 NRL Design Specification No. 4100-1, 29 Feb 1956, revised 29 Mar 1956, p. 2, Appendixes 1 and 3; interviews, Elliott Felt, 13 Mar 1967, and Capt. Berg, 10 Apr 1967.

24 NRL Design Specification No. 4100-1, 29 Feb 1956, pp. 4-6; interview, Milton Rosen, 28 Mar 1967; memo of telephone call, Baumann for Mensshing, 14 Jan 1956; Stehling, Project Vanguard, p. 33.

25 NRL Design Specification No. 4100-1, p. 6; interviews Milton Rosen, 28 Nov 1966, and Paul Walsh, 18 Apr 1967.

26 Interview, Capt. Berg, 10 Apr 1967.

27 NRL Design Specification No. 4100-1, pp. 9, 11.

28 Ibid., pp. 24­30.

29 Interview, Hagen and Captain Berg, 19 Mar 1968; anon. notes on meeting 13 Sept 1955, cited in chapter 4, n.7. See also chapters 7, 9, and 13.

30 Memo, GLM to CNR, 8 Mar 1956, sub: Submittal of Proposal for Vanguard Program; NRL Design Specification No. 4100-1, revised 29 Mar 1956, and 4100-1, addendum 1, 27 Apr 1956.

Chapter 6

1 Minutes of the First Meeting of the Technical Panel on Earth Satellite Program, 20 Oct 1955, and attachment 1 (hereafter cited as min mtg TPESP); National Academy of Sciences-National Research Council, Report on the U.S. Program for the International Geophysical Year, IGY General Report, No. 21 (IGY World Data Center A Series), November 1965, p. 553 (hereafter cited as IGY Report 21) .

2 Min 1st mtg TPESP, pp. 3-4, and attachment 2.

3 Minutes, ad hoc mtg on Earth Satellite Program Budget, 10 Nov 1955; min. 2d mtg TPESP, 21 Nov 1955, and attachments la and lb.

4 Senate, Committee on Appropriations, Hearings, Second Supplemental Appropriation Bill, 1956, 84th Cong., 2d Sess., 21 Mar 1956, p. 209.

5 Interview, John Hagen, 17 Mar 1967. Min 1st mtg TPESP, 20 Oct 1955, p. 5; 2d mtg, 21 Nov 1955, pp. 2-3; and 4th mtg, 8 Mar 1956, p. 1.

6 Min 3d mtg TPESP, 28 Jan 1956, p. 2; and 4th mtg, 8 Mar 1956, pp. 3-4.

7 Senate, Committee on Appropriations, Hearings, Second Supplemental Appropriation Bill, 1956, 84th Cong., 2d Sess., 21 Mar 1956, pp. 220-224; House, Committee on Appropriations, Subcommittee on Independent Offices, ibid., 8 Mar 1956, pp. 428, 434, 444-464.

8 Min 5th mtg TPESP, 20 Apr 1956, pp. 1-2; interview, Kaplan, 12 Feb 1968; Detlev Bronk, speech at the Vanguard tenth anniversary dinner, 16 Mar 1968.

9 Min 2d mtg TPESP, 21 Nov 1955, attachment 2.

10 Min 1st mtg USNC Executive Committee, 12 Nov 1954, attachment A.

11 Min 3d mtg TPESP, 28 Jan 1956 (pp. 2-3, 5-6, and attachments F and G), 4th mtg, 8 Mar 1956 (pp. 4, 7-10), 6th mtg, 8 Jun 1956 (p. 10); note 3 to NRL B-123, June 1957, Vanguard, Master Plan. For Van Allen's request for a cylinder, see chapter 5, pp. 89-90. For further discussion of the 6.4-inch satellite, see chapter 7, p. 127 and 11, p. 197.

12 Min 4th mtg TPESP, 8 Mar 1956 (attachment A, p. 2), and 5th mtg, 20 Apr 1956 (p. 2); Funding History of Project Vanguard, encl 2 to NRL, 3001-18, NHF; interview, Thomas E. Jenkins, Vanguard comptroller, 22 Aug 1967.

13 Min 6th mtg TPESP, 7-8 June 1956, pp. 2-3, 13-15, and attachment D; ltr, Kaplan to Waterman, 15 June 1956, in folder 31.1, Procurement of Launching Vehicles.

14 Ltr, Porter to Kaplan, 17 July 1956; Attachment A to Min 7th mtg TPESP, 5 Sept 1957.

15 E.g., conf rpt, NRL, 24 Feb 1956.

16 Cover ltr, Porter to Kaplan, 7 Jan 1957, and encl, "Comments on a Continuing Program of Scientific Research Using Earth Satellite Vehicles."

17 Interview, Alan T. Waterman, 7 Mar 1967; Funding History of Project Vanguard, NRL, 3001-18; Min 7th mtg, TPESP, 5 Sept 1956, pp. 3-4.

18 Min 7th mtg TPESP, 5 Sept 1956, pp. 4-6, and attachments B and C; 8th mtg, 15 Oct 1956, pp. 2-4, 8. See also chapter 9, pp. 159-160.

19 Min 6th mtg, 7 June 1956, pp. 8-9; 7th mtg, 5 Sept 1956, pp. 5-6, and attachment D; 8th mtg, 15 Oct 1956, pp. 2, 4-6; min mtg Working Group on Tracking and Computation, 6 Oct 1956, pp. 1-3.

20 Min 7th mtg TPESP, 5 Sept 1956, pp. 7-8.

21 Min 8th mtg TPESP, 15 Oct 1956 (pp. 6-8), and 10th mtg, 7 Feb, 1957 (p. 11); "Information about the participation of the Soviet Union in the Investigation of the Upper Atmosphere by means of Rockets and Satellites," encl to memo, Odishaw to the USNC, Executive Committee, TPESP, and Technical Panel for Rocketry, 27 Sept 1956.

22 Min 8th Mtg TPESP, 15 Oct 1956, pp. 7-8, 9-10, and attachment C.

23 Min 9th mtg TPESP, 3-4 Dec 1956, pp. 6, 7, 14, 15, and attachments A, B, C, and D; min special session TPESP, 5 Dec 1956, pp. 1-2

Chapter 7

1 Cover ltr, James A. Van Allen to Joseph Kaplan, 28 Sept 1955, and enclosure,"A Proposal for Cosmic Ray Observations in Earth Satellites," Satellite Experiments file, folder 32.1, Archives of the National Academy of Sciences: IGY USNC (hereafter cited as NASA Archives: IGY USNC).

2 Interview, James Van Allen, 20 Dec 1967.

3 "A Proposal for Cosmic Ray Observations in Earth Satellites," encl to ltr, Van Allen to Kaplan, pp. 2-11; min 6th mtg TPESP, 7-8 June 1956, p. 11.

4 S. Fred Singer, "Measurement of Meteoric Dust Erosion of the Satellite Skin," 20 Oct 1955, Satellite Experiments file, folder 322, NAS Archives: IGY USNC.

5 "Project Vanguard Scientific Research Program," p. 2, attachment 4 to min 2d mtg, TPESP, 21 Nov 1955; interview, Homer Newell, 19 Dec 1967.

6 Min 2d mtg TPESP, 21 Nov 1955, attachment 4, pp. 2-3.

7 Ibid., pp. 2, 4.

8 lbid., pp. 3-4.

9 James A. Van Allen, ed., Scientific Uses of Earth Satellites (Ann Arbor: Univ. of Michigan Press, May 1956).

10 Papers presented at the symposium, 26-28 Jan 1956.

11 Min 1st mtg WGII, 2 Mar 1956, pp. 1-3.

12 See n. 10 and chapter 9, pp. 155f.; min 3d mtg TPESP, 29 Jan 1956, p. 3, and attachments C, F, and G; Cosmic Ray Observations, proposed by James A. Van Allen, 20 Jan 1956, Satellite Experiments file, folder 32.1, NAS Archives: IGY USNC.

13 Min 1st mtg WGII, 2 Mar 1956, pp. 4-8.

14 Ibid., pp. 5-8.

15 Interview, John W. Townsend, 12 Mar 1968.

16 Satellite Experiments file, folders 32.1, 32.2, 32.4, 32.6, 32.7, and 32.8, NAS Archives: IGY USNC; min 1st mtg WGII, 2 Mar 1956, pp. 5-7, and 5th mtg 6 Feb 1957; min 6th mtg TPESP, 7 Jun 1956, p. 7.

17 Folder 32.3, Satellite Experiments file, NAS Archives: IGY USNC; min 2d mtg WGII, 4 Jun 1956, pp. 5-11; min 6th mtg TPESP, 7 Jun 1956, pp. 4, 7. For fuller description of the experiments that received financial support see Lloyd V. Berkner, ed., "Manual on Rockets and Satellites," vol. 6 of Annals of the International Geophysical Year (New York: Pergamon Press, 1958), pp. 310­343; and IGY Report 21, pp. 593-624.

18 Min 2d mtg WGII, p. 4; min 6th mtg TPESP, 7 June 1956, p. 7.

19 Min 4th mtg TPESP, p. 6; 5th mtg 20 Apr 1956, p. 3; and 6th mtg, 7 June 1956, pp. 4, 7.

20 See J. G. Reid, "Status of Internal Experiments for Satellites," 23 Oct 1956, general correspondence file on Internal Instrumentation, 32; Satellite Experiment file, 32.9, NAS Archives: IGY USNC; min 4th mtg WGII, 3 Dec 1956 (p. 4), and 5th mtg, 6 Feb 1957 (p. 17); min 9th mtg TPESP, 3-4 Dec 1956, p. 13; Robert W. Stroup, "The Vanguard Satellite Experiments," Naval Research Laboratory, 4 Feb 1958, pp. 7-8.

21 Min 4th mtg WGII, pp. 7-8; min 9th mtg TPESP, pp. 9-10; Stroup, op. cit., pp. 8-9.

22 Ibid.; Verner E. Suami, "Radiation Balance of the Earth," Satellite Experiments file, folder 32.11, NAS Archives: IGY USNC; min 4th mtg WGII, 3 Dec 1956, p. 11, and 5th mtg, 6 Feb 1957, pp. 19-21.

23 Min 5th mtg WGII, pp. 15-21; min 9th mtg TPESP, 3-4 Dec 1956, pp. 9-10, and 10th mtg, 7 Feb 1957, pp. 4-6.

24 Satellite Experiments file folders, 32.2, 32.3, 32.10, 32.12, NAS Archives: IGY USNC; see also IGY Report, 21, pp. 565, 598, 600, 615, 621; min 11th mtg TPESP, 1 May 1957 (p. 7), and 16th mtg, 12 Feb 1958 (p. 9); Richard Porter notes on draft of this chapter. See also chapters 1, pp. 15-16, and 3, pp. 45-46.

25 Min 9th mtg TPESP, 5 Dec 1956, p. 12; 10th mtg, 7 Feb 1957, pp. 8-9; 11th mtg, 1 May 1957, p. 9.

26 Interviews, John Townsend and Robert W. Stroup, 12 Mar 1968.

27 Interview, Robert C. Baumann, 13 Mar 1968; report on conference at NRL, 24-26 April 1957; attachment A to min 11th mtg TPESP.

28 Richard Tousey, "Visibility of an Earth Satellite," Astronautica Acta, vol. 2, 1956, p. 2; interviews, Tousey, 28 Mar 1968; Whitney Matthews, 14 Mar, and Milton Schach, 27 Mar 1968; report on conference, 24-26 April 1957.

29 Interviews, Townsend, 12 Mar, and Milton Schach, 27 Mar 1968.

30 Report on conference, 24-26 Apr 1957; IGY Report 21, pp. 625-626; interviews, John Townsend, Robert Stroup, Whitney Matthews, Robert Baumann, 12 Mar 1968, John Hagen, 19 Mar 1968, Milton Schach, 27 Mar 1968, and Richard Tousey, 28 Mar 1968.

31 Report on conference, 24-26 April 1957; IGY Report 21, pp. 625-626; and min 11th mtg TPESP, p. 8, and attachment B, pp. 2-3.

32 Ltr, Hagen to Porter, 4 Sept 1956, attachment G to min 7th mtg TPESP, Sept 1956; conf rpt, 24-26 Apr 1957.

33 Private communication to the author.

34 Funding History of Project Vanguard, encl 2 to NRL 3001-18, NHF.

35 Interview, Thomas E. Jenkins, 6 Mar 1967.

36 Senate, Committee on Appropriations, Hearings on Supplemental Appropriation Bill for 1958, 85th Cong., 1st sess., 2 Aug 1957, p. 98.

37 Ibid., 98-99, 110-117.

38 Interview, Milton Rosen, 17 Nov 1966.

39 See chapter 10.

40 Interview, Odishaw, 4 Oct 1967; min 12th mtg TPESP, 3 Oct 1957, pp. 3-4.

Chapter 8

1 Eugene M. Emme, Aeronautics and Astronautics: An American Chronology of Science and Technology in the Exploration of Space, 1915-1960 (Washington, D.C.: NASA, 1961), pp. 62, 65, 67 (cited hereafter as NASA Chronology). See also Stanley J. Macko, Satellite Tracking (New York: J. F. Rider, 1962), chapter 10.

2 Memo, C-7140-309/55, 7 Sept 1955 (AFMTC notified unofficially that they have been chosen for launching site); memo, Code 7140 to Code 1900, 15 Sept 1955, sub: Project Vanguard; information for stub requisition for contract with GLM, C-7140-278/55; ltr, Dir/NRL to Deputy Chief Staff (Develop), USAF, 2 Nov 1955, sub: Scientific Satellite Operation Program (Project Vanguard); ltr, Dir/NRL to Chief/Naval Research, 28 Nov 1955, sub: Use of PAFB for Project Vanguard, C-4106-5/55.

3 Ltr, Hq ARDC to Dir/NRL, 2 Dec 1955, sub: Scientific Satellite Operation Program (Project Vanguard).

4 Memo, Sec/Def to Secs/Army, AF, and Navy, Sec/Nav Cont. No. S-2303 S-229, 9 Sept 1955, sub: Technical Program for NSC 5520 (capability to launch a small scientific satellite during IGY); min staff mtg, Project Vanguard, 2 Dec 1955.

5 Min staff mtg, Project Vanguard, 2 Dec 1955.

6 Interview, Robert Schlechter of Martin, 13 Mar 1967.

7 The consultations at Patrick in Sept 1955 are covered in the following Consultative Service Records (conference reports) in NHF: Ser. C-7140-292/55, -293, -294, -295, and -296 of 15 Sept; and -305, -308, -309, -310, -311, -312, and -315 of 29 Sept. Except as otherwise indicated further references to the September talks at the Cape rest on these records.

8 Interview, 2 Mar 1967.

9 USAF memo of 23 Sept 1955.

10 Stehling, Project Vanguard, p. 93; interview with Sears William of Martin, 5 May 1967.

11 Undated speech, "Vanguard Operations at Atlantic Missile Range" (one of the designations of the Cape Canaveral test center).

12 Interview, Captain Winfred E. Berg, USN, 19 Apr 1967. See also minutes of Technical Board meeting 6-57, dated 5 Feb 1957, and ltr 4106-11 Ser: 13567, Dir/NRL to Deputy Chief of Staff Development, Hq. USAF, 19 Nov 1957, sub: Project Vanguard, Air Force Program Offers for.

13 Mazur, interview.

14 Ltr, Dir/NRL to Hq. AFMTC, 16 Nov 1955, sub: Vanguard Preliminary Plan, Transmittal of; ltr, Gibbs to Hq. Research and Development Command, 28 Nov 1955, sub: Preliminary Planning for Project Vanguard; conf rpt, 5 Apr 1956, 4120-152/56; "Case History" by Cdr. Calhoun, Apr 1956, PAFB 56-8914; ltr, Dir/NRL to Hq. AFMTC, 2 May 1956, sub: Vanguard Test Program, Transmittal of; Project Directive No. 2, 11 May 1956, sub: Vanguard Test Program Changes; interview, Schlechter.

15 Berg interview. See also Stehling, Project Vanguard, p. 93.

16 Memo, Asst Sec/Def for Sec/Navy, 9 Jan 1956, sub: Scientific Satellite Operation Program (Project Vanguard; Test Facilities); Trevor Gardner Memo to Asst Sec/Navy (Air), 10 Jan 1956, sub: Air Force Approval of AFMTC for Vanguard Use; Berg interview; "Diary of Project Vanguard" by Joseph E. Burghardt, Martin's assistant project engineer for aerodynamics and propulsion and later technical director for systems, 2 Feb 1956. This valuable personal record kindly lent to the authors by Mr. Burghardt is cited hereafter as Burghardt Ms. Diary.

17 Wernher von Braun, "The Redstone, Jupiter, and Juno," History of Rocket Technology, pp. 107-111; Robert L. Perry, "The Atlas, Thar, Titan, and Minuteman," ibid., pp. 150-151; Martin Semi-Monthly Progress Letter 9, p. 7; min staff mtg, Project Vanguard, 3 Jan 1956; conf rpt 4150-6/56 eb of 23 Jan 1956; minutes of conference at Redstone Missile Firing Branch, PAFB, 26 Jan 1956; conf rpt S4130-2/56, 17 Jan 1956; GLM inter-department communication of 6 Feb 1956, Schlechter to Markarian, sub: Facilities for Vanguard Field Program; conf rpt 4110-140/56 of 8 Jan 1956 and attached minutes; Klawans and Burghardt, Vanguard Launch Vehicle, pp. 99-101; Project Vanguard Report 2 (NRL Report 4717), p. 3; and Schlechter interview.

18 Ltr, Dir/NRL to Chief of Engineers for Military Construction, 16 Feb 1956, sub: Transfer of Gantry Crane from White Sands … to AFMTC, Ser: 3601; ltr, 0881, GLM to Dir/NRL, 17 Feb 1956, sub: Viking Spare Parts and Equipment at White Sands Proving Ground, Evaluation of Present Usability; ltr, SAKML-2 (AFMTC), Corps of Engineers to Dir/NRL, 20 Apr 1956, sub: Relocation of Gantry Crane, Patrick Aux. No 1 Air Force Base; Cdr. Calhoun Newsletter 2-56715, Mar 1956; contract Da-08-123-ENG-2049, 24 Apr 1956, Construction of Launching Complexes Nos. 17 and 18 at AFMTC, in Mail and Records Section, Canaveral District, Corps of Engineers, Merritt Island, Fla. (cited hereafter as Jones Contract).

19Conf rpt 4120-125/56 (4124), 26 Mar 1956; Vanguard Progress Report 6, p. 1.

20 Ltr 1246 to NRL.

21 Interview, Mengel, 7 Mar 1967.

22 Vanguard Progress Report 2 (NRL Report 4717), p. 3, and NRL Report 4800, p. 1; ltr, Chief/Air Force Projects Division, Military Construction, to Division Engineer, South Atlantic Division, Atlanta, Gal. 29 Mar 1956, sub: Authorization/Patrick Aux. No. 1 Air Force Base-Construction of Navy (Vanguard) Facility, Assembly Bldg "S"; memo, Chief/Naval Research to Chief/Naval Operations, 11 May 1956, sub: Project Vanguard Weekly Status Rpt. No. 4.

23 NRL Report 4717, p. 4; Jones Contract; conf rpt C4150-6/56, 13 Jan 1956; Schlechter and Mazur interviews.

24 Berg interview; Martin Semi-Monthly Progress Letter 9, p. 7.

25 GLM inter-department communication, 2 Feb 1956, sub: Facilities for Vanguard Field Program-PAFB Trips on Jan 26, 27, and Feb 1, 2.

26 Berg interview; Vanguard Progress Reports 10, p. 1, and 11, p. 3; ltr, Chief/Naval Research to Chief/Naval Operations, 3 Feb 1956, sub: Project Vanguard Weekly Status Rpt.

27 Ltr, Office/Naval Research to GLM, 31 July 1956, sub: Project Vanguard; Vanguard memo 4104 2/56, Master Planning Coordinator to Project Director, 17 July 1956, sub: Vanguard-Amendment to July Rpts on Significant Items Which are Behind Schedule; ONR memo, ONR:100:dr Ser 01152, 13 Aug 1956, sub: Project Vanguard Weekly Status Rpt. No. 26.

28 Preliminary "Design Criteria for Static and Flight Firing Structure," dated 21 Feb 1956, in Martin Marietta Corporation files, p. 1; GLM purchase order 56-3529-CPFF, 20 Jan 1957, to Loewy Hydropress Division of Baldwin-Lima-Hamilton Corporation, New York City.

29 Interviews, 21 Apr 1967, with Berg, Manning, and W. D. Skilochenko of NRL; Martin Monthly Progress Letter 4, p. 8; Jones Contract; case history, Project Vanguard, PAFB 56-12964, July 1956; ibid., PAFB 56-18360, Oct 1956; ibid., PAFB 56-18898, 5 Nov 1956; conf rpt 5230-373/56, 8 Oct 1956; and status rpt, 18 Oct 1956, sub: Vanguard Operations and Facilities at PAFB.

30 For a discussion of the National Academy's desire for twelve rather than six mission vehicles, see chapter 6, p. 98.

31 NRL Design Specification No. 4100-1, p. 29; interview, Markarian, 9 Oct 1967; ltr, Chief/Naval Research to CLM, 15 July 1957, sub: Change Order No. 68; memo, Chief/Naval Operations, 23 July 1957, sub: Project Vanguard Weekly Status Rpt No. 75.

32 PAFB case histories, Project Vanguard, July 1956 and Oct 1956; conf rpt 5230-373/56, 8 Oct 1956; status rpt, 18 Oct 1956, sub: Vanguard Operations and Facilities at PAFB.

Chapter 9

1 For this and other details connected with the early development of radio tracking, see Corliss, The Evolution of STADAN, chapter 2.

2 Appendix C of the Naval Laboratory's proposal to the Stewart Committee. Full reference: "A Scientific Satellite Program," NRL Memo Report 487, 5 July 1955, with addendum letter S-7140-262/55, 23 Aug 1955. See also chapter 1, pp. 10-11.

3 See Whipple, "Photographic Meteor Studies. I," Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, vol. 79, 1938, pp. 499-548; and his "Meteoritic Phenomena and Meteorites," in Clayton S. White and Otis O. Benson, Jr., eds., Physics and Medicine of the Upper Atmosphere: A Study of the Aeropause (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1952), pp. 137-170.

4 Corliss, op. cit., p. 14.

5 Ltr, Homer E. Newell, Jr., to Clyde W. Tombaugh, New Mexico College of Agriculture and Mechanical Arts (NMCAM), 20 June 1956; and undated and untitled typescript identifiable by the handwritten insert, "save for minor changes, this is it," in Hagen's personal file folder.

6 Encl (1) of ltr 4100 251/56, Dir/NRL to Chief/Information, Navy Dept., 22 Aug 1956, sub: Press Release and Photographs on Minitrack Transmitter.

7 John T. Mengel, "Tracking the Earth Satellite, and Data Transmission by Radio," Proceedings of the IRE, vol. 44, no. 6 (June 1956), p. 755. See also ltr 2030-37 Ser: 1927, Vanguard Technical Officer to David O. Woodbury, Santa Barbara, Cal., 26 Feb 1957.

8 See n. 6 and DoD news release 969-56, 17 Sept 1956, sub: Earth Satellite Instruments to be Displayed in New York.

9 Mengel, op. cit.

10 John T. Mengel and Paul Herget, "Tracking Satellites by Radio," Scientific American, vol. 198, no. 1 (January 1958), pp. 23­29.

11 Attachment C, min 7th mtg TPESP, 5 Sept 1956.

12 See chapter 3.

13 NRL Memo Report 487, p. 22; ltr, Hagen to Hugh Odishaw, 9 Aug 1956; NRL Report 4747, p 16; Easton's ms., "Radio Tracking of the Earth Satellite," 12 Apr 1956, pp. 3-10, and accompanying drawings; encl (1) of ltr, Dir/ NRL to Chief/Information, Navy Dept., 13 June 1956, sub: Radio Tracking of Earth Satellite, News Release on; IGY Report 21, Nov 1965, pp. 587f; min 4th mtg TPESP Working Group on Tracking and Computation, p. 3, and min 8th mtg TPESP, p. 8.

14 Mengel interview; ltr, Chief/Engineers to Dir/NRL, 10 May 1957, sub: Project Vanguard-Army Prime Minitrack Program, a summary of progress; Memo 105 Ser: 9147, Chief/ Naval Research to Chief/Naval Operations, 5 Sept 1957, sub: Project Vanguard Weekly Status Rpt No. 81; attachment 1, memo, NRL to James O. Spriggs, Office/Asst Sec. Def, 17 Sept 1957, sub: Draft of Proposed Memo to the President, submittal of.

15 Min 4th and 5th mtgs TPESP and attachment 10 to min 7th mtg.

16 IGY Report 21, p. 569; interview, Whipple, 9 Oct 1967.

17 E. Nelson Hayes, The "Smithsonian's Satellite-Tracking Program … [Part 1]," Annual Report … Smithsonian Institution … 1961, pp. 286, 298.

18 IGY Report 21, p. 568.

19 Min 12th mtg TPESP.

20 IGY Report 21, p. 569; Porter to authors, 21 Mar 1968.

21 Ltr, Chief/Naval Research to Chief/R&D, Office/Chief of Staff, Dept/Army, 10 May 1956, sub: Project Vanguard, Passive Tracking Program For; interviews, Hagen, 17 Mar 1967, and Whipple, 9 Oct 1967.

22 IGY Report 21, pp. 571f; min 18th mtg TPESP; Hayes, op. cit., p. 289; conf rpt 7340-687, 12 July 1957, third meeting to review and coordinate the joint efforts of NRL, USAF, and SAO on the Moonwatch; ltr, Whipple to Hagen, 20 Dec 1957.

23 Min 15th and 17th mtgs TPESP.

24 Minutes of staff meeting, Project Vanguard, 9 Dec 1955.

25 Ltr 4130-119 Ser: 2374, Dir/NRL to CO/US AMS, 13 Mar 1956, sub: Calibration Aircraft for Minitrack Stations; memo 6260-349/55, NRL 12 Dec 1955, sub: Aircraft Requirements for Equipment Evaluation, Project Vanguard; master ltr, Mengel to Box 983W c/o IRE, 19 Feb 1957.

26 W. E. Smitherman, "Army Participation in Project Vanguard," IRE Transactions on Military Electronics, vol. MIL-4 , nos. 2-3 (April­July, 1960), p. 326.

27 Mengel and Herget, op. cit. (see no. 10), p. 27.

28 Ibid.

29 See chapter 8, p. 141.

30 NRL ltr 3000-122/56, 15 Aug 1956, Dir/ NRL to Asst Sec/Def (Comptroller), sub: Project Vanguard Tracking Stations, Request for Release of Funds to Department of the Army for Construction of; encl (1) NRL ltr 4130-84 Ser: 2168, 7 Mar 1957; NRL memo 4102-71, 18 Mar 1957, sub: Vanguard Communications; CNO ltr Op-45G Ser: 699P44, 2 Mar 1956, Fourth Endorsement on NRL Washington ltr 2501A-295/56 (1), 10 Feb 1956, Chief/Naval Operations to Asst Sec/Navy (Materiel), sub: Project Vanguard; Proposed Minitrack Site Blossom Point Proving Ground; Dept Navy/BuYds 8: Docks ltr R-421, 12 Apr 1956, Chief/BuYds & Docks to Real Estate Division, Corps Engineers/Depart Army, sub: Diamond Ordnance Fuse Laboratory, Blossom Point Proving Ground … Request for Permit to Use Portion of Land; NRL ltr 4130-291/56 (4130), 3 Apr 1956, Dir/NRL to CO/AFMTC, sub: Project Vanguard: Proposed Minitrack Test Plan for; ONR ltr 108 Ser: 27291, 21 Nov 1956, Chief/Naval Research Asst Ch/Staff, Installations, USAF, sub: Vanguard Minitrack Facilities on Downrange Islands; Office Chief/Engineers ltr, 18 Feb. 1957, sub: Project Vanguard-Army Prime Minitrack Program; NRL ltr 2050-90 Ser: 2741, 18 Mar 1957, Dir/NRL to Chief/Information, Navy Dept, sub: "Minitrack," A Chapter of a New Book, "Little New Moon," by David O. Woodbury; Australian Joint Service Staff ltr 613/ R64, 2 Apr 1957, to NRL; Corliss, The Evolution of STADAN, chapter 2 and Appendix A; conf rpt 4130-60, 8 Feb 1957.

31 NRL ltr C-4108-7/55, 12 Jan 1956, Dir/ NRL to Chief, Engineering Intelligence Division, Office Chief/Engineers, sub: Study for Tracking Sites for Project Vanguard; encl (1) to NRL ltr C-106-16/56 of 12 Mar 1956, sub: Preliminary Specifications and Considerations, sub: Minitrack Site Facilities; NRL Report 4767, pp. lf; Smitherman, op. cit. (see n. 26); NEL memo, 24 May 1956, sub: Project Vanguard, NEL Assistance in; NRL ltr C4100-128/56, 5 June 1956, Dir/NRL to Chief, Bureau of Ships, sub: Authorization for NEL Participation in Project Vanguard, Request for; interviews, 19 June 1967, with James J. Fleming and Joseph W. Siry.

32 "Specification for Minitrack Ground Station Units," 28 May 1956; NRL ltr C-4130-57/56 (4130) 100317, 19 July 1956, Dir/NRL to Chief/Naval Operations (Contracts Div.), sub: Minitrack Ground Station Units, Selection of Contractor for; Contract Nonr-2190 (00), 1 Aug 1956, between Office of Naval Research and Bendix Radio Div. of Bendix Aviation

33 NRL ltr 4130-34/56 (4130) of 9 May 1956, Corp., Baltimore, Md. Dir/NRL to CO/AFMTC, sub: Project Vanguard: Minitrack Antenna Mounts; CSR 5330-500/56, 13 June 1956; CSR 5330-574/56, July 1956; ONR ltr 610 Ser: 17999, 25 Jan 1957, Chief/Naval Operations to Technical Appliance Corp., sub: Contract Nonr-2268 (00) .

34 "Melpar, Inc." contract file; encl (1) of NRL ltr 4100-259/56, 7 Sept 1956, Dir/NRL to Chief/Information, Navy Dept, sub: AN/DPN (48) Radar Beacon (article for Melpar Company publication).

35 ONR ltr 601 Ser: 17854, 6 Aug 1956, Bennett to Dir/NRL.

36 Interviews: Herget, by phone, 18 July 1967; Mengel, 17 Mar 1967; Siry and Fleming, 19 June 1967.

37 NRL ltr 4100-161/56 (110044), 26 June 1956, Dir/NRL to Supt, U.S. Naval Observatory, sub: Assistant in Project Vanguard, Request for; Dept/Navy, U.S. Naval Observatory, ltr Ser: 1078, 29 June 1956, Supt/Naval Observatory to Dir/NRL; Encl (1) to NRL ltr 4100-189/56, 17 July 1956, sub: Vanguard Project Directive, Working Group on Orbits, Establishment of.

38 NRL ltr C-7100-149/55, 14 Oct 1955, Dir/ NRL to Dr. C. C. Hurd, IBM, 590 Madison Avenue, New York City 22, sub: Computer Needs for Project Vanguard.

39 Ibid.

40 ONR ltr 610J, 9 Mar 1956; NRL ltr C-4100-112/56, 8 May 1956, Dir/NRL to Chief/Naval Research, sub: Contractor for Satellite Orbit Computational Facilities for Project Vanguard, Selection of; Nonr-2169 (00), Contract between Government and IBM, dated 22 June 1956; NRL news release, 5 July 1956, sub: IBM to Provide Computing Facility for Project Vanguard; IBM ltr, 15 Apr 1957, sub: Project Vanguard Progress Rpt 9; news release (source not indicated), slugged "For Release: June 30, 1957 at 8 p.m.," and dated Washington, June 30, 1957; IBM ltr, 30 Aug 1957, to NRL, sub: Project Vanguard Progress Rpt 13.

41 NRL Report 5113, p. 17; memo, Hagen to Codes 1510 and 1810, 4 June 1956, sub: Dr. Peter Musen, Information Covering; and A. Robin Mowlem, mathematician in charge of programming, IBM Computing Center, "How the Computer Calculates Orbits," [undated IBM information release].

42 Mazur, Fleming, and Siry interviews; NRL memo 4150-85/56 (4150), 6 June 1956, sub: Justification for Use of AN/FPS-16; minutes of Technical Board meeting 6-57, 5 Feb 1957; memo 5130-17: ABB, 1 Mar 1957, sub: Conference Rpt, Data Transmission Link between IBM 704/sic/Computer and Third-Stage Firing Console …; CSR 5230-158, 10 Apr 1957, sub: "Ground Backup Guidance Plan Discussed"; NRL Report 5113, p. 17.

43 NRL Technical Information Division release, 9 July 1957, "Navy Will Use 'Electric Brain' to Study Flight of Vanguard Launching Vehicles"; Mengel and Herget, op. cit. (see n. 10), pp. 27f; NRL Report 4880, p. 23; NRL Report 5113, p. 17; Fleming-Siry interview.

Chapter 10

1 Interview, 13 Mar 1967.

2 Encl (1) to ltr, Dir/NRL to GLM, 15 Sept 1956, sub: Organization at AFMTC Vanguard Project directive, 14 Sept 1956, sub: Organization & Mode of Operation at AFMTC; ltr 4100-226, Dir/NRL to Maj. Gen. Donald N. Yates, AFMTC, 18 Sept 1956; ltr, U.S. Naval Unit Hq., AFMTC, to Chief/Naval Operations, 1 Jun 1956, sub: Proposed U.S. Naval Facility at AFMTC, Status of; ltr 1914, GLM to Dir/ NRL, 10 Aug 1956, sub: Assignment of Personnel to Vanguard Field Crew; ltr 4100-16t, Ser: 8815, Dir/NRL to Yates, 9 Aug 1957; memo 4100-28, Code 4100 (Hagen) to Records, 3 Feb 1958, sub: Relations Among Project Vanguard Personnel at AFMTC; ltr, Schlechter to authors, 21 Apr 1967; interview, Gray, 23 May 1967.

3 Schlechter interview and ltr; Stehling, Project Vanguard, p. 78.

4 Interview, John R. Zeman, 22 and 23 Mar 1967.

5 Zeman interview; ltr, code 4160 (Mazur) to Code 1000, 1 July 1957, sub: Prolonged Temporary Duty, Per Diem, Justification for; memo, Hagen to Code 1000, 24 Apr 1957, sub: Change in Effective Date of Reduced Per Diem, 4100-104.

6 Zeman interview; Stehling, Project Vanguard, pp. 173f; memo, Chief/Naval Research to Chief/Naval Operations, 29 Jan 1958, sub: Project Vanguard Weekly Status Rpt No. 97.

7 Stehling, Project Vanguard, p. 194.

8 Zeman and Mazur interviews.

9 Klawans and Burghardt, "The Vanguard Launching Vehicle: An Engineering Summary," Martin Engineering Report No. 11022, April 1960, p. 98; conf rpt 4120-85, 29 Jan 1957, Purpose: To establish acceptance procedural policy for Vanguard vehicle acceptance and delivery; interviews: Felt, 13 Mar 1967, and Bridger, 3 Aug 1967.

10 Interview, 3 Aug 1967; ltr 4100-19, Dir/NRL to GLM, 1 Nov 1955, sub: Project Vanguard organization; memo 4100-55, Code 4100 to Distribution List, 5 Dec 1955, sub: Organization of Technical Director's Staff. See also Rosen, The Viking Rocket Story, chapter 10.

11 Klawans, and Burghardt, op. cit., pp. 10-06; see also encl (4), ltr, Dir/NRL to Chief/Naval Research, 19 June 1958, sub: Contract Nonr 1817 (00), Project Vanguard, Proposed SCN Nos. 1, 2, and 3 to NRL Specification No. 4100-1, Submittal of.

12 But see chapter 12, p. 218, for change in countdown procedure from TV-4 on.

13 Klawans and Burghardt, op. cit., pp. 109f; [Vanguard directive] 4130-200, "Installation Procedure for Minimal Satellite;" encl (1) to ltr 4104-33, Planning Coordinator to VOG Field Manager, sub: Draft of OR-702 for TV-3; interviews, Bridger and Gray. See on scientific considerations vis d vis launch times, encl (1) to NRL ltr 4100-74, 1 Aug 1956, memo for file, sub: Feasibility Study for a Five-Week Launching Cycle for Vanguard Vehicles.

14 Klawans and Burghardt, op. cit., p. 112.

15 Interview with Schlechter; NRL Rpt 5183, p. 14; NRL Rpt 5185, p. 6; memo, Ser: 01722, Chief/Naval Research to Chief/Naval Operations, 18 Dec 1956, sub: Project Vanguard Weekly Status Rpt 44; encl (1) OSD memo, 15 Oct 1957, sub: Rough draft of Project Vanguard Rpt for Submission to Senate Armed Services Committee; Klawans and Burghardt, op. cit., p. 112; encl (1) Case History, Project Vanguard, December 1956, sub: Post-Launch Briefing on Vanguard Tcst Vehicle TV-0.

16 Encl (1), Case History, Project Vanguard, Dec 1956, sub: Postlaunch briefing of Vanguard Test Vehicle TV-0; Burghardt Ms. Diary, passim; Klawans and Burghardt, op. cit., p. 112; ltr 1851, GLM to Dir/NRL, 23 July 1957, sub: Master Planning Chart, Submittal of.

17 See chapter 8, pp. 142-143.

18 Memo, Chief/Naval Research to Chief/Naval Operations, 26 Dec 1956, sub: Project Vanguard Weekly Status Rpt No. 45; ltr 0661, GLM to Chief/Naval Research, 7 Mar 1957, sub: Project Vanguard Changes Requested for Incorporation at AFMTC; memo, Chief/NRL to Chief/Naval Operations, 16 Jan 1957, sub: Progress Weekly Status Rpt No. 42; ltr, GLM to Dir/NRL, 25 Jan 1957, sub: Delivery of Test Vehicle No. 1; encl (1) to ltr, Dir/NRL to Chief/Naval Operations, 15 Feb 1957, sub: Vanguard Requirements for AFMTC, 4106-6, Ser: 9238; memo, Rosen to Hagen, 19 Feb 1957, sub: Case Histories of Problem Areas, 4110-12; memo, Chief/Naval Research to Chief/Naval Operations, 15 Mar 1957, sub: Project Vanguard Weekly Status Rpt No. 59; encl (1) to ltr 4100­89, Dir/NRL to Chief/Naval Research, 5 Apr 1957, sub: Project Vanguard Weekly Status Rpt No. 62; Project Vanguard Master Planning Coordinator, Monthly Progress Report of Significant Items, 4104-18, 1 May 1957; memo, Chief/Naval Research to Chief/Naval Operations, 7 May 1957, sub: Project Vanguard Weekly Status Rpt No. 64; Klawans and Burghardt, op. cit., p. 112; Schlechter interview.

19 Mazur interview.

20 Klawans and Burghardt, op. cit., p. 112.

21 Interviews, Bridger and Donald J. Markarian on 12 Oct 1967; see also Klawans and Burghardt, op. cit., p. 40.

22 Ltr 4100-132, Ser: 0878, Dir/NRL to GLM, 10 June 1957, sub: Provisional Acceptance of TV-2; and conf rpt 4110-28, 13 June 1957, purpose: Provisional Acceptance of TV-2, Discussion of.

23 Ltr 1875, GLM to Chief/Naval Research, 30 July 57, sub: Modifications of Vehicles and Equipment After Delivery, Provisions for.

24 Encl (1) to ltr 01077, Dir/NRL to Chief/Naval Research, 12 July 1957, sub: Project Vanguard Weekly Status Rpt No. 76.

25 Project Vanguard master planning coordinator, Monthly Progress Report, 1 June 1957, 4104-23; Klawans and Burghardt, op. cit., p. 102; GLM inter-department communications of 19 June, 8 July, and 10 July, 1958, Martin-Marietta Corp., archives; interview, Sears Williams, 13 Mar 1967.

26 GLM Monthly Progress Letter 17, p. 8; Weekly Progress Report 4104-44, 26 Aug 1957, Vanguard Planning Office to Vanguard Project Director.

27 Mazur and Schlechter interviews.

28 Hagen and Rosen interviews.

29 Ltr 4103-23 Ser:11206, Dir/NRL to GLM, 21 Oct 1957, sub: Static Firing of TV-2, Requirement for.

30 Private information; and see Stehling, Project Vanguard, p. 85, and R. C. Hall, "Vanguard and Orbiter," The Airpower Historian, vol. 9, no. 4 (October 1964), pp. 109f.

31 GLM Monthly Progress Letter 17, p. 9; encl (1) to ltr 4100-191 Ser:91322, Chief/Naval Research to Chief/Naval Operations, 30 Aug 1957, sub: Project Vanguard Weekly Status Rpt No. 83; Burghardt Ms. Diary, 8-28-57; Weekly Progress Report 4014-47, Vanguard Planning Office to Vanguard Project Director, 3 Sept 1957; encl to memo for James O. Spriggs, Office Asst Sec/Defense, 17 Sept 1957, sub: Draft of Proposed Rpt to the President, Submittal of; memo, Chief/Naval Research to Chief/Naval Operations, 12 Sept 1957, sub: Project Vanguard Weekly Status Rpt No. 82; ltr GE to Dir/NRL, 17 Sept 1957, sub: Return of X-405 Engine No. SN-9.

32 GLM Monthly Progress Letter 17, p. 9; encl (1) to ltr 4100-107 Ser: 0142, Dir/NRL to Chief/Naval Research, sub: Project Vanguard Weekly Status Rpt No. 85; GLM Monthly Progress Letter 17, pp. 9, 10; ibid., 18, p. 14; ltr 2303, GLM to Dir/NRL, 12 Sept 1957, sub: Project Vanguard Static Firing of TV-2, Requirement for: conf rpt 4110-42, 20 Sept 1957, purpose: To Discuss Plan of Operation of TV-2; ltr 2503, encl (1) to ltr 4100-213 Ser: 01446, Dir/NRL to Chief/Naval Research, 23 Sept 1957, sub: Project Vanguard Weekly Status Rpt. No. 86; encl (1) to ltr 4100-214 Ser: 01491, Dir/NRL to Chief/Naval Research, 30 Sept 1957, sub: Project Vanguard Weekly Status Rpt No. 87; Weekly Progress Report 4104-60, Vanguard Planning Office to Vanguard Project Director, 8 Oct 1957; encl (1) to ltr 4100-299 Ser: 01562, Dir/NRL to Chief/ Naval Research, 14 Oct 1957, sub: Project Vanguard Weekly Status Rpt. No 88; encl (1) to ltr 4100­271 Ser: 01651, Dir/NRL to Chief/Naval Operations, 22 Oct 1957, sub: Project Vanguard Weekly Status Rpt. No. 89; Klawans, and Burghardt, op. cit., p. 112.

33 Stehling, Project Vanguard, p. 122.

Chapter 11

1 New York Times (cited hereafter as NYT), 1 and 2 Oct 1957; E. Nelson Hayes, "The Smithsonian's Satellite-Tracking Program: Its History and Organization, Part 2," Annual report…Smithsonian Institution …1963, pp. 334-336 (cited hereafter as Smithsonian Tracking Program:2); Hayes, "Tracking Sputnik I," in Arthur C. Clarke, ed., The Coming of the Space Age (New York: Meredith Press, 1967), p. 10; U.S. Senate, Committee on The Armed Services, Preparedness Investigating Subcommittee, Hearings: Inquiry into Satellite and Missile Programs, part 1, 85th Cong., 1st and 2d Sess., p. 156 (cited hereafter as Johnson Subcommittee Hearings, 1957).

2 NYT, 31 Aug, 1 Sept, 1 and 5 Oct 1957; Walter Sullivan, Assault on the Unknown: The International Geophysical Year (New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1961), pp. lf; phone interview with Sullivan; 21 Mar 1968; Richard Porter to authors, 21 Mar 1968.

3 NYT, 12 Oct 1957; NASA Chronology, p. 91 and appendix A; Hayes, Smithsonian Tracking Program:2, pp. 336f.

4 Dwight D. Eisenhower, The White House Years; Waging Peace, 1956-1961 (New York: Doubleday & Company, Inc., 1965), p. 206 n.

5 NYT, 5 Oct, 5 and 12 Nov, and 5 Dec 1957; Richard Witkin, ed., The Challenge of the Sputniks, in the Words of President Eisenhower and Others (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday & Co., 1958), pp. 3, 4, 18; see also memo for Sec. Nav…, 9 Oct 1957, sub: Briefing of Preparedness Investigating Subcommittee Staff on the Vanguard Program and the Significance of the Russian Satellite Launching.

6 Witkin, op. cit., pp. 6, 34-50; NYT, 5, 6, and 10 Oct, 8, 12, and 14 Nov 1957; Eisenhower, op. cit., p. 211.

7 Witkin, op. cit., pp. 12, 13, and 16; NYT, 6, 12, 13, 14, and 15 Oct 1957; Hayes, Smithsonian Tracking Program:2, p. 334; Whipple interview; see also Johnson Subcommittee Hearings 1957, pt. 1, pp. 45f and 165. See also Sullivan, op. cit. (see n. 2), pp. 64, 70.

8 NYT, 5 Oct 1957; Witkin, op. cit., p. 6.

9 W. E. Smitherman, "Army Participation in Project Vanguard," IRE Transactions on Military Electronics, vol. MIL-4, Nos. 2-3 (April-July, 1960), p. 326; interview, Siry; min 11th mtg TPESP, 1 May 1957.

10 Hayes, Smithsonian Tracking Program:2, p. 335.

11 Ltr, IAGS Peru Project to Dir/Project Vanguard Attn Code 4130 [Mengel] 14 Oct 1957, sub: Weekly Project Report, Lima Station, Week ending 12 Oct 57.

12 Smitherman, op. cit., p. 326; Progress Report, Project Vanguard, 9 Oct 1957; NYT, 1 Oct 1957; IGY Report 21, p. 558.

13 See, for example, ltrs, E. A. Roberts, Amateur Radio Station W2PEQ, to NRL, 6 Oct 1957, and Paul E. Smay, station W9TZN, to Dir/NRL, 6 Oct 1957; NYT, 6 Oct 1957.

14 Hayes, Smithsonian Tracking Program: 2, pp. 226, 333, 340, 341; min 17th mtg TPESP, 3 Apr 1958, and 20th mtg, 21 July 1959; interview, Whipple.

15 Hayes, op. cit., p. 333.

16 lbid., p. 343.

17 Ibid., p. 344; phone interview with E. Nelson Hayes, 30 Oct 1967; min 15th mtg TPESP, 7 Jan 1958.

18 NASA Chronology, appendix A; see also ltr 4100-221, Whipple to J. Paul Walsh, 9 Oct 1957 [forwarding world map predictions for the Soviet satellite]; Johnson Subcommittee Hearings 1957, pt. 1, pp. 155f.

19 Johnson Subcommittee Hearings, pt. 1, p. 2; ltr OP­515C Ser: 0278P51, Chief/Naval Operations to Chief/Naval Research, sub: Chronological History of Project Vanguard and Associated Preceding Projects, Request for; memo for the Sec/Navy…, 9 Oct 1957, sub: Briefing of Preparedness Investigating Subcommittee Staff on the Vanguard program…; phone interview, Hagen, 30 Oct 1967; John B. Medaris and Arthur Gordon, Countdown for Decision (New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1960), p. 135. For an amusing account of the preparation of the chronological history of Vanguard, see Stehling, Project Vanguard, pp. 95-97; NYT, 6 Jan 1958.

20 Phone interview, Hagen; memo, Hagen to Codes 2000 and 1000, 15 Oct 1957, sub: TID Staff, Commendation of: Hagen, "The Viking and the Vanguard," in History of Rocket Technology, p. 137.

21 House of Representatives, Committee on Appropriations, Subcommittee on Department of Defense Appropriations, Hearings on Department of Defense Appropriations for 1960, part 6, 86th Cong., 1st Sess., 14 Apr 1959, pp. 62f; memo, Chief/Naval Research to Chief/Naval Operations, 29 Oct 1957, sub: Project Vanguard Status Rpt No. 80.

22 Quoted in Medaris and Gordon, op. cit., p. 166.

23 Ernst Stuhlinger, "Army Activities in Space-A History," IRE Transactions in Military Electronics, vol. MIL-4, Nos. 2-3 (Apr-July 1960), pp. 65f; min 14th mtg TPESP, 1 May 1957; ltr, Hagen to authors, 9 Jan 1968.

24 Stuhlinger, op. cit., Medaris and Gordon, op. cit., pp. 119-20, 122, 134-36, 147, 151; NASA Chronology, p. 87; Eisenhower, op. cit. (n. 4), p. 210; see also conf rpt 4110-46, 18 Oct 1957, purpose: to Explore Capability of Jupiter Vehicles.

25 Eisenhower, op. cit., p. 244 n.; Medaris and Gordon, op. cit., p. 155.

26 Interviews with Siry, Rosen, and Berg, 21 Mar 1968; Medaris and Gordon, op. cit., pp. 157-167; Eisenhower, op. cit., p. 211; min 13th mtg TPESP, 22 Oct 1957.

27 Interview, Eisenhower, 1966; Medaris and Gordon, op. cit., p. 157. See also JUNO [a report], Pasadena, the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, no date; and Johnson Subcommittee Hearings 1957, pt. 1, pp. 207, 319, 374, 544f, 557, and 569.

28 Ibid., pp. 151, 162, 165f, and 318-320; see also memo, Sec/Navy to Sec/Defense, 31 Oct 1957, sub: Project Vanguard.

29 Klawans and Burghardt, Vanguard Launch Vehicle, p. 58f; encl (1) ltr, Dir/NRL to Chief/ Naval Research, 23 Dec 1957, sub: Preliminary Report on TV-3 (cited hereafter as Preliminary Report on TV-3), forwarding of; interviews, Bridger, 3 Aug and 13 Nov 1967; ltr, Vanguard Project engineer to BAR, Azasa, Cal, 25 July 1957, sub: Second Stage Vanguard, Status of; Burghardt Ms. Diary, 8-23-57; Weekly Progress Report 4104-47, Vanguard Planning Office to Vanguard Project Director, 3 Sept 1957; encl to memo for Mr. James O. Spriggs, Office Asst Sec/Def, 17 Sept 1957, sub: Draft of Proposed Report to the President, Submittal of; conf rpt 4120-498, 16 Sept 1957, purpose: Second-Stage Thrust Chamber Coatings…; memo, Chief/Naval Research to Chief/Naval Operations, 12 Sept 1957, sub: Project Vanguard Weekly Status Rpt No. 82; ltr 4120-558 Ser:01857, Dir/NRL to BAR, Azusa, 27 Nov 1957, sub: Second Stage Improvement Program, Decisions Concerning; encl (1) ltr, Dir/NRL to Chief/Naval Research, 27 Nov 1957, sub: Project Vanguard Weekly Status Rpt No. 92.

30 See chapter 11, pp. 197-198.

31 Klawans and Burghardt, Vanguard Launch Vehicle, p. 66; Preliminary Report on TV-3; NYT, 2 Dec 1957; Martin Monthly Progress Letter 18, p. 16; Vanguard Planning Office to Vanguard Project Dir, Weekly Progress Rpt of 4 Nov 1957; Martin Monthly Progress Letter 19, p. 9; encl (1) ltr, Dir/ NRL to Chief/Naval Research, 19 Nov 1957, sub: Project Vanguard Weekly Status Rpt No. 91; interview, von Kármán, Sept 1961.

32 NYT, 4 Dec 1957; Preliminary Report on TV-3.

33 Ibid.; NYT, 6 Dec 1957.

34 Preliminary Report on TV-3; NYT, 7 Dec 1957; Kurt Stehling, "Vanguard," in Arthur C. Clarke, ed., The Coming of the Space Age (see n. 1), pp. 15-20; Klawans and Burghardt, Vanguard Launch Vehicle, pp. 66f. Verses are from Robert Burns' "To a Mouse," and mileages at AFMTC are given in ltr, Commanding Office [PAFB] to Dir/NRL, 17 Jan 1958, sub: Mileage in Patrick-Cape Area, Forwarding of.

35 Klawans and Burghardt, Vanguard Launch Vehicle, pp. 112f; phone interviews, 17 Nov 1967, with Richard Porter, Bernard Klawans, and N. J. Constantine; NYT, 7 Dec l987; copy of memo in GE files, Klawans to Bridger, Burghardt and [Louis] Michelson, 15 Nov 1960, sub: Revision to Vanguard Flight Test History Summary; memo, Code 4101 to Codes 4100, 4110, 4120, 4160, 2 Jan 1958, sub: TV-3 Failure.

36 NYT, 7 Dec 1967; interview, Markarian, 13 Oct 1967; Medaris and Gordon, op. cit. (see n. 19), p. 197; ltr 4100-340, Hagen to All Members of the Vanguard Staff, 18 Dec 1957, and enclosures. Bronk, speech at tenth anniversary Vanguard dinner, 16 Mar 1968.

Chapter 12

1 For details concerning this transfer, see chapter 13, pp. 238-239.

2 Lloyd V. Berkner, op. cit. (see ch. 7, n. 17), p. 478; Medaris and Gordon, op. cit. (see ch. 11, n. 19), pp. 167, 174, 190, 197f, and 200; Johnson Subcommittee Hearings, pp. 557-60 and 1704; memo, Chief/Naval Research to Chief/Naval Operations, 2 Jan 1957, sub: Project Vanguard Weekly Status Rpt No. 93; min 15th mtg TPESP, 7 Jan 1958; NYT, 1 Feb 1958; ltr, Thomas J. Killiam [Dept/Navy] to J. G. Reid, Jr. [National Academy of Sciences], 20 Feb 1958. For information on the Army's microlock system, see Corliss, The Evolution of STADAN, pp. 57 and 61; and W. K. Victor, H. L. Richter, and J. P. Eyraud, "Explorer Satellite Electronics," IRE Transactions on Military Electronics, vol. MIL-4, nos. 2-3 (April-July 1960), pp. 83-85.

3 Vanguard Planning Officer to Vanguard Director, 17 Dec 1957, Weekly Progress Rpt; 2d endorsement on GLM ltr 0459 of 5 Mar 1958, Dir/NRL to Chief/Naval Research, 1 Apr 1958, sub: Contract Nonr 1817 (00), Project Vanguard Restoration of Launching Complex at AFMTC, Proposal for; memo, Dir/Navy Tests to Office, Information Services, Historical Branch, 13 Jan 1958, sub: Vanguard Project Case History Rpt, Dec 1957; Vanguard Planning Office to Vanguard Project Director, 17 Dec 1957, Weekly Progress Rpt; memo, Chief/Naval Research to Chief/Naval Operations, 23 Dec 1957, sub: Project Vanguard Weekly Status Rpt No. 92; Vanguard Planning Officer to Vanguard Project Director, 31 Dec 1957, Weekly Progress Rpt; memo, Chief/Naval Research to Chief/Naval Operations, 7 Jan 1958, sub: Project Vanguard Weekly Status Rpt No. 94; Medaris and Gordon, op. cit. (see ch. 11, n. 19), pp. 206f.

4 Johnson Subcommittee Hearings, pp. 557f, 560, and 1715; Medaris and Gordon, op. cit. (see ch. 11, n. 19), pp. 197f, 200ff, and 218.

5 Wernher von Braun, "The Explorers," in IXth International Astronautical Congress …1958 Proceedings (Amsterdam, 1959), pp. 916-928; NYT, 1 Feb 1958; Medaris and Gordon, op. cit., pp. 204-226; min 16th mtg TPESP, 12 Feb 1958.

6 See chapter 11, p. 207.

7 Memo, Chief/Naval Research to Chief/Naval Operations, 15 Feb 1958, sub: Project Vanguard Weekly Status Rpt No. 98; Klawans and Burghardt, Vanguard Launch Vehicle, pp. 112f; Medaris and Gordon, op. cit., p. 229.

8 Stehling, Project Vanguard, pp. 190 and 206; memo, Chief/Naval Research to Chief/Naval Operations. 25 Feb 1958, sub: Project Vanguard Weekly Status Rpt No. 98; Vanguard Planning Office to Vanguard Project Director, 24 Feb 1958, Weekly Progress Rpt; memo, Chief/Naval Research to Chief/Naval Operations, 28 Feb 1958, sub: Project Vanguard Weekly Status Rpt No. 100; Vanguard Planning Office to Vanguard Project Director, 4 Mar 1958, Weekly Progress Rpt; memos, Chief/Naval Research to Chief/Naval Operations, 7 Mar and 14 Apr 1958, sub: Project Vanguard Weekly Status Rpts Nos. 101 and 106.

9 Min 17th mtg TPESP, 3 Apr 1958; Vanguard Planning Office to Vanguard Project Director, 17 Mar 1958, Weekly Progress Rpt; Stehling, Project Vanguard, pp. 211-215; NASA Chronology, p. 141; NYT, 18 Mar 1958; memo, Chief/Naval Research to Chief/Naval Operations, 21 Mar 1958, sub: Project Vanguard Weekly Status Rpt. No. 102; Klawans and Burghardt, Vanguard Launch Vehicle, pp. 114f; ltr, Dir/NRL to Dir/ARPA, 15 May 1958, sub: Scientific Satellite Program.

10 Robert L. Rosholt, An Administrative History of NASA, 1958-1963, NASA SP-4101 (Washington, D.C.: NASA, 1966), pp. 6-40; Allison Griffith, The National Aeronautics and Space Act: A Study of the Development of Public Policy (Washington, D.C.: Public Affairs Press, 1962), pp. 9-16; Dwight D. Eisenhower, op. cit. (ch. 11, n. 4), pp. 257f; NYT, 8 Feb 1958; Medaris and Gordon, op. cit. (ch. 11, n. 19), p. 227.

11 Stuhlinger, op. cit. (ch. 11, n. 23), pp. 68f; Medaris and Gordon, op. cit., pp. 240f.

12 Encl (1), ltr, Chief/Naval Research to Comptroller of the Navy, 26 May 1958, sub: Statement on Current Status of Project Vanguard dated 23 May 1958; ltr, GLM to Chief/ Naval Research, 16 May 1958, sub: Contract Nonr-1817 (00), Project Vanguard Modification of TV-4BU to Provide for Satellite Capability; ltr, GLM to Dir/NRL, 1 May 1958, sub: Contract Nonr-1817 (00), Project Vanguard Employment of High Performance ABL Motor in TV-4BU; Vanguard Planning Office to Vanguard Project Director, 12 Apr 1958, Weekly Progress Rpt; memo, Chief/Naval Research to Chief/Naval Operations, 7 Apr 1958, sub: Project Vanguard Weekly Status Rpt, No. 103; Memo, Chief/Naval Research to Chief/Naval Operations, sub: Weekly Status Rpt. No. 104; ltr, J. Paul Walsh to Hon. [U.S. Rep] David Dennison, 12 May 1958; ltr, T. Keith Glennan to John P. Hagen, 29 Sept 1958.

13 Memo, Chief/Naval Research to Chief/Naval Operations, 1 May 1958, sub: Project Vanguard Weekly Status Rpt. No. 107; ibid., 14 May 1958, Weekly Status Rpt. No. 108; ltr, Dir/NRL to GLM, 11 June 1958, sub: Contract Nonr 1817 (00), Project Vanguard, Correction of Deficiency; Klawans and Burghardt, Vanguard Launch Vehicle, pp. 114f. For dates and details on the first three mission-vehicle launches, see Appendix I.

14 Klawans and Burghardt, Vanguard Launch Vehicle, pp. 116f; interviews, Homer E. Newell, 21 Dec 1967, and Klawans, 9 Jan 1968.

15 Vanguard Planning Office to Vanguard Project Director, 25 Mar 1958, Weekly Progress Report; Klawans and Burghardt, Vanguard Launch Vehicle, pp. 20 and 116f.

16 8 December 1957.

17 Public Opinion File, NHF; interview, Hastings and Harloff, 5 June 1968.

18 The tenth anniversary dinner, a very special occasion, drew 250 veterans of the program, including some members of the media.

Chapter 13

1 Min 14th mtg TPESP, 6 Nov 1957, pp. 7-8.

2 See chapter 11, p. 195.

3 See chapter 6, p. 107.

4 Min 7th mtg WGII, 21 Oct 1957; min 13th mtg TPESP, 22 Oct 1957, pp. 2-6.

5 See chapter 7, p. 124.

6 Min 14th mtg TPESP, 6 Nov 1957.

7 Associated Press releases, 17 Nov 1967.

8 Min 14th mtg TPESP, 6 Nov 1957, pp. 2-6; and min 16th mtg TPESP, 12 Feb 1958, p. 9; interview, John Townsend, 12 Mar 1968.

9 Min 15th mtg TPESP, 8 Jan 1958, pp. 2-4, 9, and min 16th mtg TPESP 12 Feb 1958, p. 4; IGY Report 21, pp. 560-61.

10 See n. 4 and chapter 7, pp. 128-129; min 15th mtg TPESP, 8 Jan 1958, pp. 7, 9-10; attachment E to min 14th mtg USNC, 16 Jun 1958.

11 Min 11th mtg USNC, 8 Jan 1958, pp. 1-2, and attachment A, ltr, John A. Simpson to Odishaw, 6 Jan 1958; min 26 mtg USNC-IGY Executive Committee, 8 Jan 1958, pp. 1-3.

12 See chapter 6, p. 102; IGY Report 21, p. 561.

13 Min 17th mtg TPESP, 3 Apr 1958, pp. 1-2, 7.

14 Min 14th mtg USNC, 16 Jun 1958, p. 2; IGY Report 21, pp. 600-603.

15 Min 14th mtg USNC, 16 June 1958, p. 1.

16 IGY Report 21, pp. 593­597; "Symposium on Scientific Effects of Artificially Introduced Radiation at High Altitudes," Proceedings of the National Academy, vol. 45, no. 8 (15 Aug 1959) .

17 IGY Report 21, p. 566; min 14th mtg USNC, 16 June 1958, appendix B, Summary of Oral Report on the Earth Satellite Program by Richard W. Porter, pp. 1-2, and min 15th mtg USNC, 23 Oct 1958, attachment 6, pp. 6-11, 15-16, 19-21, 28.

18 Memo, Hagen for James E. Webb, NASA Administrator, 2 Mar 1962, sub: Vanguard I, and enclosure, ltr, Hagen to Rear Admiral Coates, Chief Naval Research, 2 Mar 1961, NHF.

19 Astronautics and Aeronautics, 1965, NASA SP-4006 (Washington, D.C.: NASA, 1966) p. 67.

20 IGY Report 21, pp. 574-585, 592.

21 See n. 14.

22 Min 14th mtg USNC, 16 June 1958, pp. 1-2, 7, 10, and min 15 mtg USNC, 23 Oct 1958, pp. 1-3, 5-6, and attachment G; IGY Report 21, pp. 563-564; interview George Derbyshire IGY secretariat, 28 Nov 1967.

23 See Robert L. Rosholt, op. cit. (ch. 12, n. 10) pp. 44ff.; min 20th mtg TPESP, 21 July 1959.

24 See chapter 7.

25 IGY Report 21, pp. 566, 604 605; Stuhlinger op. cit. (see ch. 11, n. 23), p. 69.

26 The Advanced Research Projects Agency of the Defense Department and later NASA both sponsored a number of satellite flights during 1958 and 1959, eight of which were successful, but as none of these came under the aegis of the IGY National Committee and technical panels and all of them were subject to security classification that interfered with the release of information to other nations, they did not count as IGY satellites at all.

27 IGY Report 21, pp. 607-608, 625.

28 Ibid., pp. 611-614.

29 Ibid., p. 629; Stahlinger, op. cit. (see ch. 11, n. 23), p. 69; conf rpt, 3 Apr 1958, NRL master file, 4130-34; min 19th mtg TPESP, 17 Jul 1958, pp. 2-3; Satellite Experiments file folder 32.32, NAS Archives: IGY USNC.

30 IGY Report 21, pp. 594, 616, 625.

31 Ibid., pp. 609, 621-623, 629.

32 lbid., pp. 594-595.

33 Ibid., pp. 616-620.

Chapter 14

1 Of these nineteen, three were Sputniks, one was a U.S.S.R. Lunik, planned as a lunar probe, and eight were American military satellites developed by the military outside the framework of the IGY. See chapter 13, n. 26.

2 Klawans and Burghardt, Vanguard Launch Vehicle, pp. 7, 171-175.

3 Ltr; Rosen to C. McL. Green, 15 Mar 1968, with encl, "A Brief History of Delta and Its Relation to Vanguard."

4 Thomas E. Jenkins, "Budget Forecasting and Cost Control of Cost­Plus Development Contracts," 26 Oct 1959, copy in NHF.

5 Interviews, Homer Newell, 19 Dec, and Capt. Berg, 28 Aug 1967; see Klawans and Burghardt, Vanguard Launch Vehicle, pp. 7, 171-175.

6 Interview, Homer Newell, 26 Aug 1966.

7 Min 19th mtg TPESP, 26 July 1958, p. 5.